Презентация Carbon and the molecular diversity of life. (Chapter 4) онлайн
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- Всего слайдов:60 слайдов
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
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Содержание слайда:
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Содержание слайда: Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds
Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules
Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.1
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Содержание слайда: Concept 4.1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon
Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones
Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Vitalism, the idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms, was disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds
Vitalism, the idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms, was disproved when chemists synthesized these compounds
Mechanism is the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth
Stanley Miller’s classic experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds
Experiments support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, perhaps near volcanoes, could have been a stage in the origin of life
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.2
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Содержание слайда: Concept 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
Electron configuration is the key to an atom’s characteristics
Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
This ability makes large, complex molecules possible
In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape
However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the atoms joined to the carbons are in the same plane as the carbons
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.3
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Содержание слайда: The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements
The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements
The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living molecules
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.4
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Содержание слайда: Carbon atoms can partner with atoms other than hydrogen; for example:
Carbon atoms can partner with atoms other than hydrogen; for example:
Carbon dioxide: CO2
Urea: CO(NH2)2
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.UN01
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Содержание слайда: Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation
Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules
Carbon chains vary in length and shape
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Содержание слайда:
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.5
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.5a
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.5b
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.5c
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.5d
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Содержание слайда: Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.6
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.6a
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Содержание слайда: Isomers
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
Cis-trans isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements
Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.7
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.7a
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.7b
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.7c
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Содержание слайда: Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry
Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry
Two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects
Usually only one isomer is biologically active
Differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules
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Содержание слайда:
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.8
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Содержание слайда: Concept 4.3: A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on the carbon skeleton and on the molecular components attached to it
A number of characteristic groups can replace the hydrogens attached to skeletons of organic molecules
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Содержание слайда: The Chemical Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life
Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
№36 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.UN02
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Содержание слайда: The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:
The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group
№38 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9-a
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9-b
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9a
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9b
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9c
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9d
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9e
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9f
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.9g
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Содержание слайда: ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes
One phosphate molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell
ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4.UN03
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN04
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Содержание слайда: The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review
The versatility of carbon makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules
Variation at the molecular level lies at the foundation of all biological diversity
№51 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN05
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN07
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN08
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN09
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN10
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN11
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN12
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN13
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN14
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Содержание слайда: Figure 4. UN15
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