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Презентации » Химия » Enzymes The classification and nomenclature. Lyases and Transferases
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№4 слайд
![III. Hydrolases catalyze the](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: III. Hydrolases catalyze the cleavage of complex substances to simple ones with participation of water (this process is called as hydrolysis)
III. Hydrolases catalyze the cleavage of complex substances to simple ones with participation of water (this process is called as hydrolysis)
№5 слайд
![IV. Lyases catalyze the](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img4.jpg)
Содержание слайда: IV. Lyases catalyze the reactions of cleavage without water or promote the addition of atoms groups in the site of double or triple bonds
IV. Lyases catalyze the reactions of cleavage without water or promote the addition of atoms groups in the site of double or triple bonds
№8 слайд
![Therefore the cipher of each](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img7.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Therefore the cipher of each enzyme consists of 4 numbers: first one shows the number of class; second one indicates number of subclass, third one represents the number of subsubclass, fourth one shows the place of a representative in subsubclass
Therefore the cipher of each enzyme consists of 4 numbers: first one shows the number of class; second one indicates number of subclass, third one represents the number of subsubclass, fourth one shows the place of a representative in subsubclass
№9 слайд
![For instance, the cipher for](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img8.jpg)
Содержание слайда: For instance, the cipher for pancreatic lipase is 3.1.1.3., this is means that pancreatic lipase refers to hydrolases (3-rd class, that is catalyzes the hydrolysis)
For instance, the cipher for pancreatic lipase is 3.1.1.3., this is means that pancreatic lipase refers to hydrolases (3-rd class, that is catalyzes the hydrolysis)
№10 слайд
![To the -st subclass esterase,](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img9.jpg)
Содержание слайда: To the 1-st subclass (esterase, that is catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds), to the 1-st subsubclass (that is catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds formed by carboxylic acids), the place in subsubclass is third one
To the 1-st subclass (esterase, that is catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds), to the 1-st subsubclass (that is catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds formed by carboxylic acids), the place in subsubclass is third one
№11 слайд
![General characteristic and](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img10.jpg)
Содержание слайда: General characteristic and classification of transferases
Transferases are enzymes which catalyze the reactions of transfer of groups of atoms from one substrate to another.
Almost all transferases are two-component enzymes. They are contained in the cells only.
On the depend on character of transported groups there are some subclasses of transferases: amino-, methyl-, acyl- and phosphotransferases
№12 слайд
![The structure and catalytic](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The structure and catalytic role of aminotransferases
Coenzyme of aminotransferases is phosphopyridoxal (vitamin B6 + H3PO4)
Aminotransferases catalyze the reactions of transport of amino groups from amino acids to ketoacids that results in formation of non-essential amino acids (transamination)
СН3 COOH CH3 COOH
СНNH2 + CH2 C = O + CH2
COOH CН2 COOH CH2
C = O CHNH2
СООН COOH
№13 слайд
![The importance of](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img12.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The importance of transamination
This is a pathway of synthesis of non-essential amino acids;
This is the way of integration of metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids due to reversibility of transamination
This is initial state of amino acids catabolism
Aminotransferases are organospecific enzymes, e.g. alanine aminotransferase occurs mainly in liver; aspartate aminotransferase does in liver, myocardium, muscles. This has a diagnostic role, because in lesion of these organs and tissues the activity of these enzymes is increased in blood plasma. It is due to exit of them from corresponding cells into blood
№14 слайд
![The structure and catalytic](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img13.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The structure and catalytic role of methyltransferases
Coenzyme is reduced form of Folic Acid (vitamin Bc) – tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA). It is reduced residue of pteridine, para-aminobenzoic and glutamic acids.
Methyltransferases catalyze the reactions of intermolecular transport of methyl- and other one-carbon groups (methylation). The source of methyl group is methionine (Met). In these reactions vitamin B12 is also necessary.
№16 слайд
![The structure and catalytic](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The structure and catalytic role of acyltransferases
Coenzyme is HSCoA (coenzyme of acylation). It consists of adenosine-3-monophosphate, 2 residues of phosphoric acid, pantothenic acid (vitamin B3) and thioethylamine.
Acyltransferases catalyze the reactions of transport of residues of carboxylic acids, e.g. residues of acetic acid (hence, their name – acetyltransferases)
R AТP АМP + РР R
CH2 CH2
COOH C = O
Fatty acid S
SCoA
active FA
№17 слайд
![The structure and catalytic](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The structure and catalytic role of phosphotransferases
Phosphotransferases, or kinases are one-component enzymes, but consist of some subunits, i.e. these enzymes have quaternary structure.
Phosphotransferases catalyze the reactions of transport of residues of phosphoric acid (phosphorylation).
When phosphoric acid is attached to substrate. The product becomes more active, therefore these enzymes are also named as kinases
The sources of phosphoric acid are:
ATP;
High energetic phosphorus-containing substrates
№18 слайд
![ATP is more often source of](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img17.jpg)
Содержание слайда: ATP is more often source of phosphoric acid. The residue of phosphoric acid may be transported on substrate with conservation of macroergic bond (reversible phosphorylation) and without its (irreversible phosphorylation)
ATP is more often source of phosphoric acid. The residue of phosphoric acid may be transported on substrate with conservation of macroergic bond (reversible phosphorylation) and without its (irreversible phosphorylation)
H2N HN PO3H2
C = NH АТP АDP C = NH
N – CH3 N – CH3
CH2 CH2
COOH COOH
СН2ОН СН2О – РО3Н2
№19 слайд
![The source of phosphoric acid](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img18.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The source of phosphoric acid can be a phosphorus-containing high energetically substrate. In this case the reaction will be named as substrate phosphorylation:
The source of phosphoric acid can be a phosphorus-containing high energetically substrate. In this case the reaction will be named as substrate phosphorylation:
СOOH COOH
C O PO3H2 C – OH
CH2 CH2
№20 слайд
![General characteristic and](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img19.jpg)
Содержание слайда: General characteristic and classification of Lyases
This class of enzymes includes enzymes which catalyze the reactions of cheeping off (removal) of some groups of atoms (CO2, NH2, etc) or addition of them to the place of multiple bonds. Accordingly to removed groups they’re named (decarboxylases, deaminases, etc)
Subclass of decarboxylases includes two subsubclasses – decarboxylases of amino- and keto acids
№22 слайд
![The structure and catalytic](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img21.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The structure and catalytic role of decarboxylases of ketoacids
These are two-component enzymes. Coenzyme is thiamindiphosphate (vitamin B1 + 2H3PO4)
Pyruvate decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate, which results in formation of active acetic acid
СН3 СН3
С = О С = О
СООН SCoA
№23 слайд
![The structure and catalytic](/documents_6/191ea391702dc0473d9c3349bbc943b1/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The structure and catalytic role of Carbonic anhydrase
This is a two-component enzyme. Zinc is a constituent of coenzyme. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction of synthesis and cleavage of carbonic acid:
Н2О + СО2 Н2СО3
The direction of reaction depends on concentration of CO2, therefore this enzyme takes part in regulation of respiratory center
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