Презентация Water vapor. Nitrous oxide. Aerosols онлайн
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Презентации » Химия » Water vapor. Nitrous oxide. Aerosols
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- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:57 слайдов
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№12 слайд
![Greenhouse Gases Molecules](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Greenhouse Gases
Molecules must absorb light in the right regions
- roughly 7 to 25 μm region
- however, in some regions (5 to 7 and 13 to 17 μm), essential no light from surface makes it to space due to current gases present
- for this reason, CO2 is less effective as a greenhouse gas (at least for additional CO2)
№18 слайд
![The climate engine II Since](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img17.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The climate engine II
Since earth does rotate, air packets do not follow longitude lines (Coriolis effect)
Speed of rotation highest at equator
Winds travelling polewards get a bigger and bigger westerly speed (jet streams)
Air becomes unstable
Waves develop in the westerly flow (low pressure systems over Northern Europe)
Mixes warm tropical air with cold polar air
Net transport of heat polewards
№22 слайд
![- Greenhouse Gases H O as a](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img21.jpg)
Содержание слайда: - Greenhouse Gases
H2O as a greenhouse gas
- the molecule responsible for the most greenhouse effect heating
- the third most prevalent molecule in the atmosphere (on average, but composition is variable)
- direct anthropogenic sources are insignificant (at least outside of deserts and the stratosphere)
- also responsible for cooling through increasing albedo (in clouds) so normally kept separate from other greenhouse gases
- water vapor is important indirectly as planet heating increases water vapor (this is covered under feedbacks)
№23 слайд
![The sun plays a key role in](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The sun plays a key role in the earth’s temperature
The sun plays a key role in the earth’s temperature
Researchers think that atmospheric warming is not due to an increase in energy output from the sun
Since 1975
Troposphere has warmed
Stratosphere has cooled
Warmer temperatures create more clouds
Thick, low altitude cumulus clouds – decrease surface temperature
Thin, cirrus clouds at high altitudes – increase surface temperature
№24 слайд
![Water vapor is one of the](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water vapor is one of the most important elements of the climate system. A greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide, it represents around 80 percent of total greenhouse gas mass in the atmosphere and 90 percent of greenhouse gas volume.
Water vapor is one of the most important elements of the climate system. A greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide, it represents around 80 percent of total greenhouse gas mass in the atmosphere and 90 percent of greenhouse gas volume.
Water vapor and clouds account for 66 to 85 percent of the greenhouse effect, compared to a range of 9 to 26 percent for CO2. So why all the attention on carbon dioxide and its ilk? Is water vapor the real culprit causing global warming?
The answer is that water vapor is indeed responsible for a major portion of Earth’s warming over the past century and for projected future warming. However, water vapor is not the cause of this warming. This is a critical, if subtle, distinction between the role of greenhouse gases as either forcings or feedbacks. In this case, anthropogenic emissions of CO2, methane, and other gases are warming the Earth. This rising average temperature increases evaporation rates and atmospheric water vapor concentrations. Those, in turn, result in additional warming.
№35 слайд
![Nitrogen Mineralization also](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img34.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Nitrogen Mineralization
also called Ammonification
Organic N --> NH4+
Decay of dead things, manure, etc.
Done by decomposers (bacteria, fungi, etc.)
During this process, a significant amount of the nitrogen contained within the dead organism is converted to ammonium (NH4+).
№42 слайд
![Nitrous oxide N O Nitrous](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img41.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Nitrous oxide N2O
Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or NOS is a chemical compound with the formula N2O.
At room temperature, it is a colorless, odorless non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet taste.
It is used in surgeryand dentistry for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects.
It is known as "laughing gas" due to the euphoric effects of inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic.
It is also used as an oxidizer in rocket propellants, and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines.
At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen.
Nitrous oxide gives rise to nitric oxide (NO) on reaction with oxygen atoms, and this NO in turn reacts with ozone.
As a result, it is the main naturally occurring regulator of stratospheric ozone.
№44 слайд
![Nitrous oxide can be used as](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img43.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Nitrous oxide can be used as an oxidizer in a rocket motor
In vehicle racing, nitrous oxide (often referred to as just "nitrous") allows the engine to burn more fuel by providing more oxygen than air alone, resulting in a more powerful combustion. The gas itself is not flammable at a low pressure/temperature, but it delivers more oxygen than atmospheric air by breaking down at elevated temperatures. Therefore, it is often mixed with another fuel that is easier to deflagrate.
№45 слайд
![The gas is approved for use](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img44.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The gas is approved for use as a food additive (also known as E942), specifically as an aerosol spray propellant. Its most common uses in this context are in aerosol whipped cream canisters, cooking sprays, and as an inert gas used to displace oxygen, to inhibit bacterial growth, when filling packages of potato chips and other similar snack foods.
№46 слайд
![Of the entire anthropogenic N](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img45.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Of the entire anthropogenic N2O emission (5.7 teragrams N2O-N per year),
agricultural soils provide 3.5 teragrams N2O–N per year.
Nitrous oxide is produced naturally in the soil during the microbial processes of nitrification, denitrification, nitrifier denitrification and others.
№48 слайд
![- Other Effects on Climate](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img47.jpg)
Содержание слайда: - Other Effects on Climate
Tropospheric Ozone
Anthropogenic emissions have lead to increase
Increases are heterogeneous, plus hard to determine pre-industrial concentrations
Stratospheric Ozone
Loss in Stratosphere leads to cooling (more loss of energy out to space)
However, loss of stratospheric ozone also leads to greater UV absorption (and heating) in troposphere
As ozone loss is reversed, some heating may occur
№49 слайд
![- Other Effects on Climate](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img48.jpg)
Содержание слайда: - Other Effects on Climate
Aerosol Effects – Light Scattering Aerosol
As was discussed previously in visibility, aerosol particles of diameter 0.2 to 1 mm is very efficient in scattering light
A significant fraction is scattered in the backwards direction, so this effectively increases planetary albedo
Increase in albedo leads to cooling
№50 слайд
![- Other Effects on Climate](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img49.jpg)
Содержание слайда: - Other Effects on Climate
Aerosol Effects – Light Absorption
Most aerosol constituents do not absorb significantly in the visible region (where light is most prevalent)
A big exception is soot (elemental carbon emitted in inefficient combustion)
Soot clouds lead to atmospheric warming (even if cooling the surface over short-term)
№55 слайд
![Feedback Effect The climate](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img54.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Feedback Effect
The climate system is very complicated. A change in one component of the system may cause changes in other components. Sometimes the changes in other components enhance the initial change, then we say that these changes have positive feedback to the system. If the changes result in the reduction of the original change, then they have negative feedback.
Both positive and negative feedback processes may exist in the climate system. In studying the global climatic change, we cannot make conclusions based on intuition, but have to take all such possible complicated effects into account. A good climate model would have treated all of them realistically.
№56 слайд
![An example of positive](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img55.jpg)
Содержание слайда: An example of positive feedback
When the climate becomes warmer (either due to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere or other unknown mechanisms), the ocean may also become warmer. A warmer ocean has lower solubility of CO2 and hence will release more CO2 into the atmosphere. This may cause the climate to become even warmer than before. Thus the dependence of solubility of CO2 on temperature has a positive feedback on the climate system.
№57 слайд
![An example of negative](/documents_6/89aebb4e14afdad9b5ba153fba6b16d1/img56.jpg)
Содержание слайда: An example of negative feedback
Consider a clear region over the ocean. Since there is no cloud, the sun shines on the ocean surface, causing it to warm up. This makes this part of the ocean warmer than other parts and the air over it tends to rise (causing convection). Rising air expands and cools, causing clouds to form. The formation of clouds will block out the sun and the solar heating of the ocean surface will cease. The surface will start to cool down. Thus the cloud formation due to surface heating and convection is a negative feedback to the climate system.
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