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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: Java 8 Stream API
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: Outline
Stream Building Blocks
Java 8
Default Methods
Functional Interfaces
Lambda Expressions
Method References
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Outline
Characteristics of Streams
Creating Streams
Common Functional Interfaces Used
Anatomy of the Stream pipeline
Optional Class
Common Stream API Methods Used
Examples
Parallel Streams
Unbounded (On the Fly) Streams
What Could Streams Do For BMI
References
Questions?
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: Java 8
Target Release Date: 03/18/14
Introduces
Default Methods
Functional Interfaces
Lambda Expressions
Stream API and overall improvements to Collections to support Streams
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Default Methods
In Context of Support For Streams
Java 8 needed to add functionality to existing Collection interfaces to support Streams (stream(), forEach())
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Default Methods
Problem
Pre-Java 8 interfaces couldn’t have method bodies.
The only way to add functionality to Interfaces was to declare additional methods which would be implemented in classes that implement the interface
It is impossible to add methods to an interface without breaking the existing implementation
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Default Methods
Solution
Default Methods!
Java 8 allows default methods to be added to interfaces with their full implementation
Classes which implement the interface don’t have to have implementations of the default method
Allows the addition of functionality to interfaces while preserving backward compatibility
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: Default Methods
Example
public interface A {
default void foo(){
System.out.println("Calling A.foo()");
}
public class Clazz implements A {}
Clazz clazz = new Clazz();
clazz.foo(); // Calling A.foo()
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Functional Interfaces
Interfaces with only one abstract method.
With only one abstract method, these interfaces can be easily represented with lambda expressions
Example
@FunctionalInterface
public interface SimpleFuncInterface {
public void doWork();
}
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lambda expressions
A more brief and clearly expressive way to implement functional interfaces
Format: <Argument List> -> <Body>
Example (Functional Interface)
public interface Predicate<T> {
boolean test(T input);
}
Example (Static Method)
public static <T> Collection<T> filter(Predicate<T> predicate,
Collection<T> items) {
Collection<T> result = new ArrayList<T>();
for(T item: items) {
if(predicate.test(item)) {
result.add(item);
}
}
}
Example (Call with Lambda Expression)
Collection<Integer> myInts = asList(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9);
Collection<Integer> onlyOdds = filter(n -> n % 2 != 0, myInts)
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Method References
Event more brief and clearly expressive way to implement functional interfaces
Format: <Class or Instance>::<Method>
Example (Functional Interface)
public interface IntPredicates {
boolean isOdd(Integer n) { return n % 2 != 0; }
}
Example (Call with Lambda Expression)
List<Integer> numbers = asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9);
List<Integer> odds = filter(n -> IntPredicates.isOdd(n), numbers);
Example (Call with Method Reference)
List<Integer> numbers = asList(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9);
List<Integer> odds = filter(IntPredicates::isOdd, numbers);
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Characteristics of Streams
Streams are not related to InputStreams, OutputStreams, etc.
Streams are NOT data structures but are wrappers around Collection that carry values from a source through a pipeline of operations.
Streams are more powerful, faster and more memory efficient than Lists
Streams are designed for lambdas
Streams can easily be output as arrays or lists
Streams employ lazy evaluation
Streams are parallelizable
Streams can be “on-the-fly”
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Creating Streams
From individual values
Stream.of(val1, val2, …)
From array
Stream.of(someArray)
Arrays.stream(someArray)
From List (and other Collections)
someList.stream()
someOtherCollection.stream()
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Functional Interfaces Used
Predicate<T>
Represents a predicate (boolean-valued function) of one argument
Functional method is boolean Test(T t)
Evaluates this Predicate on the given input argument (T t)
Returns true if the input argument matches the predicate, otherwise false
Supplier<T>
Represents a supplier of results
Functional method is T get()
Returns a result of type T
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Functional Interfaces Used
Function<T,R>
Represents a function that accepts one argument and produces a result
Functional method is R apply(T t)
Applies this function to the given argument (T t)
Returns the function result
Consumer<T>
Represents an operation that accepts a single input and returns no result
Functional method is void accept(T t)
Performs this operation on the given argument (T t)
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Functional Interfaces Used
UnaryOperator<T>
Represents an operation on a single operands that produces a result of the same type as its operand
Functional method is R Function.apply(T t)
Applies this function to the given argument (T t)
Returns the function result
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Functional Interfaces Used
BiFunction<T,U,R>
Represents an operation that accepts two arguments and produces a result
Functional method is R apply(T t, U u)
Applies this function to the given arguments (T t, U u)
Returns the function result
BinaryOperator<T>
Extends BiFunction<T, U, R>
Represents an operation upon two operands of the same type, producing a result of the same type as the operands
Functional method is R BiFunction.apply(T t, U u)
Applies this function to the given arguments (T t, U u) where R,T and U are of the same type
Returns the function result
Comparator<T>
Compares its two arguments for order.
Functional method is int compareTo(T o1, T o2)
Returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as the first argument is less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: Anatomy of the Stream Pipeline
A Stream is processed through a pipeline of operations
A Stream starts with a source data structure
Intermediate methods are performed on the Stream elements. These methods produce Streams and are not processed until the terminal method is called.
The Stream is considered consumed when a terminal operation is invoked. No other operation can be performed on the Stream elements afterwards
A Stream pipeline contains some short-circuit methods (which could be intermediate or terminal methods) that cause the earlier intermediate methods to be processed only until the short-circuit method can be evaluated.
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: Anatomy of the Stream Pipeline
Intermediate Methods
map, filter, distinct, sorted, peek, limit,
parallel
Terminal Methods
forEach, toArray, reduce, collect, min,
max, count, anyMatch, allMatch, noneMatch, findFirst, findAny, iterator
Short-circuit Methods
anyMatch, allMatch, noneMatch, findFirst, findAny,limit
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: Optional<T> Class
A container which may or may not contain a non-null value
Common methods
isPresent() – returns true if value is present
Get() – returns value if present
orElse(T other) – returns value if present, or other
ifPresent(Consumer) – runs the lambda if value is present
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Void forEach(Consumer)
Easy way to loop over Stream elements
You supply a lambda for forEach and that lambda is called on each element of the Stream
Related peek method does the exact same thing, but returns the original Stream
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Void forEach(Consumer)
Example
Employees.forEach(e -> e.setSalary(e.getSalary() * 11/10))
Give all employees a 10% raise
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Void forEach(Consumer)
Vs. For Loops
List<Employee> employees = getEmployees();
for(Employee e: employees) {
e.setSalary(e.getSalary() * 11/10);
}
Advantages of forEach
Designed for lambdas to be marginally more succinct
Lambdas are reusable
Can be made parallel with minimal effort
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Stream<T> map(Function)
Produces a new Stream that is the result of applying a Function to each element of original Stream
Example
Ids.map(EmployeeUtils::findEmployeeById)
Create a new Stream of Employee ids
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Stream<T> filter(Predicate)
Produces a new Stream that contains only the elements of the original Stream that pass a given test
Example
employees.filter(e -> e.getSalary() > 100000)
Produce a Stream of Employees with a high salary
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Optional<T> findFirst()
Returns an Optional for the first entry in the Stream
Example
employees.filter(…).findFirst().orElse(Consultant)
Get the first Employee entry that passes the filter
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Object[] toArray(Supplier)
Reads the Stream of elements into a an array
Example
Employee[] empArray = employees.toArray(Employee[]::new);
Create an array of Employees out of the Stream of Employees
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
List<T> collect(Collectors.toList())
Reads the Stream of elements into a List or any other collection
Example
List<Employee> empList =
employees.collect(Collectors.toList());
Create a List of Employees out of the Stream of Employees
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
List<T> collect(Collectors.toList())
partitioningBy
You provide a Predicate. It builds a Map where true maps to a List of entries that passed the Predicate, and false maps to a List that failed the Predicate.
Example
Map<Boolean,List<Employee>> richTable =
googlers().collect
(partitioningBy(e -> e.getSalary() > 1000000));
groupingBy
You provide a Function. It builds a Map where each output value of the Function maps to a List of entries that gave that value.
Example
Map<Department,List<Employee>> deptTable =
employeeStream().collect(groupingBy(Employee::getDepartment));
№30 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
T reduce(T identity, BinaryOperator)
You start with a seed (identity) value, then combine this value with the first Entry in the Stream, combine the second entry of the Stream, etc.
Example
Nums.stream().reduce(1, (n1,n2) -> n1*n2)
Calculate the product of numbers
IntStream (Stream on primative int] has build-in sum()
Built-in Min, Max methods
№31 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Stream<T> limit(long maxSize)
Limit(n) returns a stream of the first n elements
Example
someLongStream.limit(10)
First 10 elements
№32 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Stream<T> skip(long n)
skip(n) returns a stream starting with element n
Example
twentyElementStream.skip(5)
Last 15 elements
№33 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Stream<T> sorted(Comparator)
Returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream, sorted according to the provided Comparator
Example
empStream.map(…).filter(…).limit(…)
.sorted((e1, e2) -> e1.getSalary() - e2.getSalary())
Employees sorted by salary
№34 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Optional<T> min(Comparator)
Returns the minimum element in this Stream according to the Comparator
Example
Employee alphabeticallyFirst =
ids.stream().map(EmployeeSamples::findGoogler)
.min((e1, e2) ->
e1.getLastName()
.compareTo(e2.getLastName()))
.get();
Get Googler with earliest lastName
№35 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Optional<T> max(Comparator)
Returns the minimum element in this Stream according to the Comparator
Example
Employee richest =
ids.stream().map(EmployeeSamples::findGoogler)
.max((e1, e2) -> e1.getSalary() -
e2.getSalary())
.get();
Get Richest Employee
№36 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Stream<T> distinct()
Returns a stream consisting of the distinct elements of this stream
Example
List<Integer> ids2 =
Arrays.asList(9, 10, 9, 10, 9, 10);
List<Employee> emps4 =
ids2.stream().map(EmployeeSamples::findGoogler)
.distinct()
.collect(toList());
Get a list of distinct Employees
№37 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
Boolean anyMatch(Predicate), allMatch(Predicate), noneMatch(Predicate)
Returns true if Stream passes, false otherwise
Lazy Evaluation
anyMatch processes elements in the Stream one element at a time until it finds a match according to the Predicate and returns true if it found a match
allMatch processes elements in the Stream one element at a time until it fails a match according to the Predicate and returns false if an element failed the Predicate
noneMatch processes elements in the Stream one element at a time until it finds a match according to the Predicate and returns false if an element matches the Predicate
Example
employeeStream.anyMatch(e -> e.getSalary() > 500000)
Is there a rich Employee among all Employees?
№38 слайд
Содержание слайда: Common Stream API Methods Used
long count()
Returns the count of elements in the Stream
Example
employeeStream.filter(somePredicate).count()
How many Employees match the criteria?
№39 слайд
Содержание слайда: Parallel Streams
Helper Methods For Timing
private static void timingTest(Stream<Employee> testStream) {
long startTime = System.nanoTime();
testStream.forEach(e -> doSlowOp());
long endTime = System.nanoTime();
System.out.printf(" %.3f seconds.%n",
deltaSeconds(startTime, endTime));
}
private static double deltaSeconds(long startTime, long endTime) {
return((endTime - startTime) / 1000000000);
}
№40 слайд
Содержание слайда: Parallel Streams
Helper Method For Simulating Long Operation
void doSlowOp() {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
// Nothing to do here.
}
}
№41 слайд
Содержание слайда: Parallel Streams
Main Code
System.out.print("Serial version [11 entries]:");
timingTest(googlers());
int numProcessorsOrCores =
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
System.out.printf("Parallel version on %s-core machine:",
numProcessorsOrCores);
timingTest(googlers().parallel() );
№42 слайд
Содержание слайда: Parallel Streams
Results
Serial version [11 entries]: 11.000 seconds.
Parallel version on 4-core machine: 3.000 seconds.
№43 слайд
Содержание слайда: (On The Fly) Streams
Stream<T> generate(Supplier)
The method lets you specify a Supplier
This Supplier is invoked each time the system needs a Stream element
Example
List<Employee> emps =
Stream.generate(() -> randomEmployee())
.limit(n)
.collect(toList());
Stream<T> iterate(T seed, UnaryOperator<T> f)
The method lets you specify a seed and a UnaryOperator.
The seed becomes the first element of the Stream, f(seed) becomes the second element of the Stream, f(second) becomes the third element, etc.
Example
List<Integer> powersOfTwo =
Stream.iterate(1, n -> n * 2)
.limit(n)
.collect(toList());
The values are not calculated until they are needed
To avoid unterminated processing, you must eventually use a size-limiting method
This is less of an actual Unbounded Stream and more of an “On The Fly” Stream
№44 слайд
Содержание слайда: References
Stream API
http://download.java.net/jdk8/docs/api/java/util/stream/Stream.html
Java 8 Explained: Applying Lambdas to Java Collections
http://zeroturnaround.com/rebellabs/java-8-explained-applying-lambdas-to-java-collections/
Java 8 first steps with Lambdas and Streams
https://blog.codecentric.de/en/2013/10/java-8-first-steps-lambdas-streams/
Java 8Tutorial: Lambda Expressions, Streams, and More
http://www.coreservlets.com/java-8-tutorial/
№45 слайд
Содержание слайда: Questions?
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