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№1 слайд![Capacity and Demand IE](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img0.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Capacity and Demand
IE350
№2 слайд![A problem AUA average power](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img1.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A problem
AUA average power consumption rate is:
75 kW.
Large Auditorium Lighting ONLY takes:
120 kW.
Size a gas driven generator.
№3 слайд![Solution Answer kW? kW? kW?](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Solution
Answer:
75 kW?
120 kW?
195 kW?
Or?
Answer: Solve an optimization problem.
№4 слайд![Capacity amp Demand](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Capacity & Demand
Investment is needed to add the physical Stock of Capital.
Capital Stock =
= Installed Capacity =
= Size = Power, In …
№5 слайд![Capacity amp Demand Power](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img4.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Capacity & Demand
Power shortage means:
Peak demand > Installed capacity
Energy shortage means:
Not enough fuel to generate power.
№6 слайд![Load curves Electric power](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load curves
Electric power demand = load
Load curves, regular (periodic):
Daily
Weekly
Seasonal
Per shift, other…?
Plus a stochastic component.
№7 слайд![Seasonal](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img6.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Seasonal
№8 слайд![](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img7.jpg)
№9 слайд![Daily](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img8.jpg)
№10 слайд![Capacity factor CF Actual](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img9.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Capacity factor (CF)
Actual Generated Energy
CF =
Energy Generated @ 100%
Is it constant?
It is different for different types of powerplants.
№11 слайд![Hydropower](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img10.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Hydropower
№12 слайд![Comparison](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Comparison
№13 слайд![PV capacity factor kW of PV](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img12.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV capacity factor
1kW of PV produces always annual amount kWhs equal to the monitoring amount:
… e.g. in Yerevan we have 1720kWh/m2 annually.
1720/8760 = 19.63% - capacity factor for PV.
For 3 kW system we would get 5160 kWh
№14 слайд![Energy Shortage Two](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img13.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Energy Shortage:
Two Approaches
Construction of new capacities - supply side.
Conservation, Load leveling – demand side.
№15 слайд![Peak vs. Average vs. Base AUA](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img14.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Peak vs. Average vs. Base
AUA peak is:
75 kW?
120 kW?
195 kW?
Or?
Average is another number…
№16 слайд![Countrywise Peak Average Base](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Countrywise
Peak
Average
Base
№17 слайд![Peak All powerplants, all](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Peak
All powerplants, all generation capacities are operating.
We are going to extreme measures: ALLOWING TO LOWER SEVAN LEVEL!
We are buying power from other countries
And the power is not enough:
in some places power is cut.
№18 слайд![Base Consumption never goes](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img17.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Base
Consumption never goes below certain amount
Metsamor NPP is providing the base power.
№19 слайд![](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img18.jpg)
№20 слайд![](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img19.jpg)
№21 слайд![](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img20.jpg)
№22 слайд![Average is in Between! Thus](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img21.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Average is in Between!
Thus one needs:
BASE, stabile, powerplants, e.g. Nuclear, Coal. CF > 90%;
PEAKING, a powerplant that has relatively small capital (fixed) cost, although the operational (variable) cost is high.
Gas-turbine. CF ~ 5%
INTERMEDIATE, that can output variable power. Combined cycle natural gas.
CF ~ 30% ÷ 80%.
№23 слайд![](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img22.jpg)
№24 слайд![Renewable Wind CF lt Solar CF](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Renewable
Wind (CF <35%)
Solar (CF <25%)
№25 слайд![](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img24.jpg)
№26 слайд![Load leveling is a method for](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load leveling
is a method for reducing large fluctuations in power demand
№27 слайд![Load Leveling - DSM Demand](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img26.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load Leveling - DSM
Demand Side Management, the task is to decrease the demand at PEAK TIMES.
Tariff regulations:
- tariffs’ non-linear dependency on power consumed.
- time dependency of tariffs
Deciding the hours of operation, Chasing the load, Real-time pricing based on forecasts
Overall Energy Efficiency measures – wide use of LEDs, ventilation and insulation, etc.
№28 слайд![Elasticity Demand Change E d](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img27.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Elasticity
% Demand Change
E(d) =
% of Price Change
№29 слайд![Load Leveling - SSM Supply](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img28.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load Leveling - SSM
Supply Side Management, the task is to organize capacities to meet the demand at PEAK TIMES.
Need in energy generation market existence with advanced dispatching capability.
Deciding the hours of generation, Chasing the load, Real-time pricing based on forecasts
Renewable energy generation encouragement policies.
№30 слайд![European policy In , the EU](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img29.jpg)
Содержание слайда: European policy
In 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its oil and 57% of its gas, which then made it the world's leading importer of these fuels.
Only 3% of the uranium used in European nuclear reactors has been mined in Europe. Russia, Canada, Australia, Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to the EU, supplying more than 75% of the total needs in 2009.
In 2015, the EU imports 53% of the energy it consumes. In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target.
№31 слайд![Energy Market](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img30.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Energy Market
№32 слайд![Dispatching](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img31.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Dispatching
№33 слайд![Storage Hydro-Pump Natural](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img32.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Storage
Hydro-Pump
Natural gas
Thermal
Hydrogen
№34 слайд![Storage](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img33.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Storage
№35 слайд![Load levelling pumped hydro](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img34.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load levelling – pumped hydro storage
№36 слайд![Load levelling pumped hydro](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img35.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load levelling – pumped hydro storage
№37 слайд![](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img36.jpg)
№38 слайд![Load levelling EV fleet](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img37.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load levelling – EV fleet
№39 слайд![Homework Problem , page of](/documents_6/9b57377ac29ce8e485d1c067d95ff0ca/img38.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Homework
Problem #1, page 94 of the Shaten WB.