Презентация EARLY MODERN ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM онлайн
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: EARLY MODERN ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM
LECTURE 4
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: I. Historical background to the New Standard
I. Historical background to the New Standard
II. NE Vowel System:
Quantitative changes;
The Great Vowel Shift;
Development of ME short vowels;
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: III. NE Consonant System:
III. NE Consonant System:
Vocalisation of ‘r’;
IV. NE Morphology and Syntax.
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: 1476 Caxton introduced the printing press to England;
1476 Caxton introduced the printing press to England;
1492 Columbus reached the ‘new World’;
By 1500, the English language was such that native speakers of Modern English generally need no translations to understand it.
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: The late Middle Ages (14th c.) had seen the triumph of the English language over French, and the establishment of a standard form of written English.
The late Middle Ages (14th c.) had seen the triumph of the English language over French, and the establishment of a standard form of written English.
A standard laguage is a taught language which each individual has to learn whatever his or her own pronunciation.
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Nonetheless Latin still had great prestige as the language of international learning;
Nonetheless Latin still had great prestige as the language of international learning;
the three greatest scientific works published by Englishmen between 1600 and 1700 were all in Latin: Gilbert’s book on magnetism (1600), Harvey’s on the circulation of the blood (1628), and Newton’s Principia (1689).
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: The reasons for the defeat of Latin
The reasons for the defeat of Latin
The Reformation period (the establishment of Protestantism, VI-VII c.). The translation of the Bible into English, and the changeover from Latin to English in church services, raised the prestige of English. The more extreme Protestants regarded Latin as a “Popish” language, designed to keep ordinary people in ignorance and to maintain the power of priests.
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: The increase in national feeling (XV-XVI c.) that led to a great interest and pride in the national language.
The increase in national feeling (XV-XVI c.) that led to a great interest and pride in the national language.
The rise of social and occupational groups (skilled craftsmen, explorers, soldiers) which were eager to read and to learn in English. The spread of literacy among them.
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: But, while English was thus establishing its supremacy over Latin, it was at the same time more under its influence:
But, while English was thus establishing its supremacy over Latin, it was at the same time more under its influence:
the introduction of Latin loan-words into English, e.g. vacuum, area, radius;
many words borrowed from French were given a Latin dress, e.g. NE debt and doubt (cf. Lat. debitum and dubitare).
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Principal Quantitative Changes
lengthening before –ss, -st, -ni, -ft,
but the change didn’t take place if the voiceless fricative was immeditely followed by a vowel:
Cf. pass and passage.
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: b) Shortening before [ɵ, d, t,k]
When ME ē was shortened before [ɵ,d,t,k], it became [ɛ], as in breath, bread, sweat.
When ME ō was shortened before [k,t], it became [ʊ], as in look and foot.
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Great Vowel Shift
(15-late 17th c.)
the GreatVowel Shift (GVS) is a chain-like transformation of the whole ME long vowel system.
The GVS affected only ME long vowels (e.g. keep vs kept).
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: The changes were “independent” and effected regularly any stressed vowel in any position.
The changes were “independent” and effected regularly any stressed vowel in any position.
The GVS didn’t add any new sounds to the vowel system. Thus, the modification of the words under the GVS was not reflect in their written forms.
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Rounding of vowels after /w /
(18th c.), as in NE swan and watch.
The change didn’t take place if the vowel was followed by a velar consonant, as in twang, wag, wax.
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: NE Consonant System
Vocalisation of [r] = the weakening of [r]
The sonorant [r] began to produce a certain influence upon the preceding vowels in Late ME.
[r] made the preceding vowel more open and retracted:
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: the cluster [er] changed to [ar]: e.g. OE deorc – Early ME derk – Late ME dark;
although the change of [er] to [ar] was fairly common, it didn’t affect all the words with the given sounds: cf. ME servent, person.
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: The vocalisation of [r] took place in the 16th or 17th c.
1) diphthongization.
In Early NE [r] was vocalised when stood after vowels, either finally or followed by another consonant. Losing its consonant character [r] changed into [ə], which was added to the preceding vowel as a glide to form a diphthong: e.g. ME there [ɵɛ:re] NE there.
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: 2) lengthening
2) lengthening
Sometimes the only trace left by the loss of [r] was the compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel: e.g. ME arm [arm] – NE arm.
3) change of quality
under the influence of [r], vowels [e, i,u] became [ə]
In the final unstressed position: ME ridere – NE rider.
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: If [ə] produced by vocalisation of [r] was preceded by a diphthong, it was added to the diphthong to form a triphthong: e.g. ME shour [ʃu:r] – NE shower.
If [ə] produced by vocalisation of [r] was preceded by a diphthong, it was added to the diphthong to form a triphthong: e.g. ME shour [ʃu:r] – NE shower.
[r] was not vocalised when doubled after consonants and initially: e.g. NE errand, dry, read.
This process didn’t take place in all varieties of English. Those varietes in which it was retained are called rhotic, (cf. non-rhotic)
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Early Modern English Grammar
In morphology the trend towards simplification continues.
EME is characterized by an increase in the number of prepositions and auxiliaries (grammaticalization), as expected of a languagebecoming more analytic.
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Nouns
the –es of plurals and Gen Sg. was established;
Plurals in –en and zero plurals are reduced to their modern extent by the end of the 17th c.;
The –es Genitive was interpreted as his and this led to forms like for Christ his sake.
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда: Personal pronouns:
Personal pronouns:
new forms arose: it and its;
the use of you with a singular meaning was prompted by politeness and the influence of French.
Demonstrative pronouns:
- this ‘close to the speaker’, that ‘close to the hearer’, yon ‘distant from both speaker and hearer’
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда: The inflectional system of the verb underwent further simplification:
The inflectional system of the verb underwent further simplification:
in the 3d person the –eth ending is found in writing until the 17th c., but it is increasingly restricted to poetry. The –s form was already the usual form in speech by the 16th c.;
There was a more limited use of the progressive and auxiliary verbs than there is now, however.
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: Adjectives lost all endings except for in the comparative and superlative forms.
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: In syntax the period (15th -17th c.) sees the continued movement towards an analytical language.
In syntax the period (15th -17th c.) sees the continued movement towards an analytical language.
Equally the influence of Latin grammar encourages more logic in the construction of a sentence. The idea that each sentence should have a subject and a predicate become dominant.
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