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Содержание слайда: Lecture 5 Software Engineering

Содержание слайда: technological approach Particular technology (technological approach) contains a specific set of processes, and used their knowledge, methods and tools. In a narrow sense, technology is a certain technological approach. Technology based on the concept of the life cycle.

Содержание слайда: The life cycle of the software (software life cycle) - The whole period of its development and operation, from the moment of conception (ideas) to the cessation of all kinds of use. In general, the life cycle model is defined and described in the form of technology development - technological approach. LC model - the structure that determines the sequence of execution of processes and their relationship throughout life cycle. Mention LC usually allocated, the specific model lifecycle.

Содержание слайда: Разрешить написание латиницей Software Engineering Software Engineering (process approach) - a defined set of processes, including their detailed content and distribution by stage, and role responsibilities of project participants at all stages of software life cycle model chosen. Technology often determines the model. Usually it is based on the methods of the chosen methodology, and recommends practices to maximize effective use of this technology and its model life cycle. Technology conveniently characterized in two dimensions - vertical (processes) and horizontal (stage).

Содержание слайда: action The connecting notion between processes and stages is "action." Action (tzh. work, activity) - part of the project performed by individual artist or group of performers. In fact, the processes and stages are a certain set of actions: on the basis of data conversion steps are combined into processes, and time-based features and / or gets the results - in the stage.

Содержание слайда: process Process - a set of inter-related activities of the project, which convert some input into the weekend.   The relationship of action lies in their sequence, complete in terms of content, time, and logical sequence. The process consists of a set of actions, and every action - from a set of tasks. Further detail leads to the consideration of individual operations. The problem (tzh. task) - the planned action item: the task defined / in the project plan and its resources can be assigned to perform. Thus, the hierarchy of concepts related to the process is as follows:   Processes Actions Tasks Operations.

Содержание слайда: discipline In some approaches, instead of the term "process" using the concept of "discipline."   Discipline - the process when considered together with its accompanying artifacts and roles.   From the point of view of management discipline is a work flow (literally workflow) associated with a working product - an artifact made ​​by Members in a given role. In addition, a number of studies also introduced the concept of "procedure."   Procedure - a step by step description of the direction of tasks to perform and complete a specific action. In this case the description of the process is a documented definition of action, in the form of formalized procedures.

Содержание слайда: stage Stage - the action group project, some limited time frame, and often ends with the release of the result produced by a specified requirements. Stage stand on the grounds of reasonable and rational management of the project. Stages are often composed of steps (tzh. step), which are usually iterative in nature and therefore are presented as iterations. A number of approaches under combined into larger time frame - the phase in this case the same steps are iterative in nature.   Thus, the hierarchy of concepts related to the stage, as follows: Phase Stages Stages.

Содержание слайда: Obtain the following description of measurement technology The vertical dimension represents the static aspects of the processes and operates with such concepts as processes, activities, tasks, and operations. The horizontal dimension represents time, reflects the dynamic aspects of the process and operates with such concepts as phases, stages and phases.

Содержание слайда: Methodology and Practice Technique (literally appliances) - set concretized development methods within a given methodology applied in one or more of the relevant set of process life cycle. Practice - this is a definite recommendation for the implementation of actions for which the results are verifiable, but not transferable as a material for other processes. The sequence of practices and workflow within the practice is not set. Practices are not tied to the project (if it is said that they do not "copy"). Thus, the technology is determined by the specific combination of processes and stages, focused on different classes of software and features of the project participants and augmented methods and practices.

Содержание слайда: design management Design management is to organize the project in relation to the limits. Determined by a system of constraints and priorities should take into account the requirements of stakeholders. The main constraints include:   content (of the project),   time (performance)   Price (project). It should be noted and the following restrictions: resources (human and financial) quality (acceptable to the project),   efficiency (the project). As a result, taking into account the constraints we obtain a polygon or polyhedron constraints.   In practice three constraints are fixed. While talking about the triangle constraints.

Содержание слайда: management problem The choice of the technological approach that is associated with a set of processes and stages, a combination of techniques and practices, and the level of formalization of the development, which address the triangle constraints.   Therefore the problem of control is to find the balance within the constraints of the project.

Содержание слайда: Effective management of software development Effective management of software development requires certain formalizations of the work and its results. Produced a result - some real result produced by the project.   There are the following produced results:   Internal - for use by the project team   and external - for use by other interested parties.

Содержание слайда: artifact Formalization of the result is produced by a certain artifact. Examples: models and documents (plans, specifications, diagrams, code, etc.). Artifact - the result of the formal product, create, modify, or use it in the performance of the project.   Artifact defines the area of responsibility: for his creation meet specific artist or group. In a separate problem (and taymboksa) so the result is a work product, but in a number of approaches is synonymous with the artifact.

Содержание слайда: baseline To formalize changes to the result produced by the notion of "baseline." Base Line - officially accepted version of the produced results, designated and fixed at a particular time LC. Changes made to the baseline must be pre-approved, that is, must go through a special formalized action. For the entire project baseline is usually translated as a baseline - the original project plan with the approved changes. Used for the analysis of project milestones and landmarks. Control point - the event in order to verify the life cycle assessment and the remaining work on the project. Time points for the control points are the boundaries often stages. Milestone - the event life cycle to indicate the completion of the produced results, or type them. Milestones are often used as reference points.

Содержание слайда: iteration Due to the iterative execution of works obtained results have gradually improved to target results dictated by the specifications, which are also subject to change. Iteration - limited in time to repeat part of the project. Iteration can be a development cycle or part of it, which is determined by the duration and life cycle model. In this case, the iteration of the development cycle called makroiteratsiey or simply cycle iteration stage - just iterate and iteration step - mikroiteratsiey. For managed individual tasks used taymboksy. Taymboks (lit. time box) - a small amount of time to perform a specific task and the work of its results. Taymboks characterized rigidly defined time frame. The framework must be met, even if that issue is not quite complete results. Otherwise, the task is considered failed and must either reject it, or schedule it again.

Содержание слайда: Thus, the description of the measurement technology is corrected as follows: The vertical dimension also operates with such concepts as: produced results (artifacts, work products and Artists (roles and responsibilities). The horizontal dimension also operates with such concepts as: checkpoints and milestones iteration taymboksy.   But these concepts can be regarded as a characteristic of the new, third dimension. This dimension is related to the formalization required to manage the project.

Содержание слайда: There are two basic sets of processes Classic set - a set of key processes, developed historically from practical experience of software development. Classic set includes nine processes:   1. research;   2. management; 3. analysis; 4. design; 5. encoding; 6. testing; 7. Entry into force; 8. support; 9. Decommissioning. Processes classic set is actually a subset of the standard, speaking there as a process or action. Standard set - a set of processes of ISO / IEC 12207:1999 «Information Technology - Software Life Cycle Processes." The standard set includes three groups of processes: basic, auxiliary organizational processes.

Содержание слайда: There are two main types of process steps of forming Poprotsessnoe formation stages - selection stages, reflecting the process names (or individual actions), most of the time, which takes place in this stage. Per phase formation stages - stages in the association phase, reflecting the large time intervals.

Содержание слайда: Poprotsessnoe formation stages Poprotsessnoe formation stages are commonly used for classical processes (or their sub-or superset). In the approach to this classification usually isolated Nine stages: 1. Research ideas; 2. planning; 3. Requirements analysis; 4. design; 5. encoding; 6. Testing and debugging; 7. Entry into force; 8. Operation and maintenance; 9. Decommissioning.

Содержание слайда: Per phase formation stages Per phase formation stages are commonly used for standard processes (or their sub-or superset). Most approaches to this classification are 4 main phases: 1. Start; 2. middle; 3. culmination; 4. Transition. Several approaches allocate 2 additional phases: 5. work; 6. The end.

Содержание слайда: Characteristics of ongoing projects Classification approach is closely related to the characteristics of the ongoing projects. For each of the grounds of the classification of projects include many projects that will be given are boundary values. Scale, determined by the number of performers and the length (execution time) of the project, allocate five project categories

Содержание слайда: Five project categories Категория Число исполнителей Протяжённость проекта Мелкий от 1 до 3 от 1 часа до 2 месяцев Малый от 3 до 10 от 2 до 6 месяцев Средний от 10 до 30 от 6 месяцев до 1 года Крупный от 30 до 100 от 1 года до 2 лет Гигантский от 100 до 300 и более от 2 до 6 лет и более

Содержание слайда: Now allocate two classes of approaches Now allocate two classes of approaches. Strict (tzh. heavy, rigid) approaches focus primarily on the application in medium, large and giant projects with a fixed amount of work. Therefore, the main requirement for such projects - predictability.   Flexible (tzh. lungs, live) approaches focus primarily on the application in micro, small or medium-sized projects in cases of unclear or changing system requirements. Therefore, the main requirement for such projects - direct participation of the customer in the project. For most flexible approach is an important requirement of adaptability. Within classes of approaches conventionally separated group approaches with a number of principles that are common to these approaches.   The class of rigorous approaches include: cascading, frame, genetic, formal approaches. to the class of flexible: evolutionary adaptive approaches.