Презентация DIFFERENTIATED NOUNS Made by: Bokach Olga, REPH-31 Checked by: Kakzhanova F. A. Karaganda 2010 онлайн

Содержание слайда: DIFFERENTIATED NOUNS Made by: Bokach Olga, REPH-31 Checked by: Kakzhanova F.A. Karaganda 2010

Содержание слайда: Differentiated nouns are nouns where ending -s (in plural number) changes the semantic meaning of a word.

Содержание слайда: On the surface of semantic relations, the meaning of the singular will be understood as simply "one", as opposed to the meaning of the plural as "many" in the sense of "more than one". On the surface of semantic relations, the meaning of the singular will be understood as simply "one", as opposed to the meaning of the plural as "many" in the sense of "more than one". This is apparently obvious for such correlations as book — books, lake — lakes and the like.

Содержание слайда: However, alongside of these semantically unequivocal correlations, there exist plurals and singulars that cannot be fully accounted for by the above ready-made approach. However, alongside of these semantically unequivocal correlations, there exist plurals and singulars that cannot be fully accounted for by the above ready-made approach.

Содержание слайда: This becomes clear when we take for comparison such forms as potato (one item of the vegetables) and potatoes (food), paper (material) and papers (notes or documents), sky (the vault of heaven) and skies (the same sky taken as a direct or figurative background), etc.

Содержание слайда: As a result of the comparison we conclude that the broader sememic mark of the plural, or "plurality" in the grammatical sense, should be described as the potentially dismembering reflection of the structure of the referent, while the sememic mark of the singular will be understood as the non-dismembering reflection of the structure of the referent, i.e. the presentation of the referent in its indivisible entireness.

Содержание слайда: On the other hand, there are semantic varieties of the plural forms that differ from one another in their plural quality as such. The extreme point of this semantic scale is marked by the lexicalisation of the plural form, i.e. by its serving as a means of rendering not specificational, but purely notional difference in meaning. Cf. colours as a "flag", attentions as "wooing", pains as "effort", quarters as "abode", etc.

Содержание слайда: Ilyish says that “the difference between the two numbers may increase to such a degree that the plural form develops a completely new meaning which the singular has not got at all. Thus, for example, the plural form colours has the meaning 'banner' which is restricted to the plural (e. g. to serve under the colours of liberty). In a similar manner, the plural attentions has acquired the meaning 'wooing' (pay attentions to a young lady). Ilyish says that “the difference between the two numbers may increase to such a degree that the plural form develops a completely new meaning which the singular has not got at all. Thus, for example, the plural form colours has the meaning 'banner' which is restricted to the plural (e. g. to serve under the colours of liberty). In a similar manner, the plural attentions has acquired the meaning 'wooing' (pay attentions to a young lady). Since, in these cases, a difference in lexical meaning develops between the plural and the singular, it is natural to say that the plural form has been lexicalised. What is essential from the grammatical viewpoint is the very fact that a difference in meaning which is purely grammatical in its origins is apt under certain conditions to be overshadowed by a lexical difference.”

Содержание слайда: Some examples of differentiated nouns

Содержание слайда: Address обращение; речь; официальное выступление Addresses (уст.) ухаживание

Содержание слайда: Arm рука Arms вооружение военная служба война

Содержание слайда: Board доска Boards подмостки, сцена; сценическая профессия

Содержание слайда: Bone кость (часть скелета позвоночных) Bones скелет; костяк; человек; тело останки, мощи

Содержание слайда: Element хим. элемент элемент, составная часть Elements основы, азы непогода (ветер, дождь)

Содержание слайда: Fundamental основное правило; принцип Fundamentals основы

Содержание слайда: Gut кишка; (разг.) брюхо Guts (разг.) внутреннее cодержание (разг.) мужество, характер, сила воли

Содержание слайда: Head голова Heads руда лицевая сторона монеты (с изображением головы), орёл

Содержание слайда: Heart сердце, душа Hearts черви (масть)

Содержание слайда: ill вред, зло ills неприятности, проблемы

Содержание слайда: iron железо irons кандалы, оковы

Содержание слайда: Kennel собачья конура свора собак Kennels псарня; собачий питомник

Содержание слайда: Land земля, суша почва страна; государство Lands поместья

Содержание слайда: Legality законность; легальность следование закону Legalities обязательства, налагаемые законом

Содержание слайда: Letter буква письмо Letters литература

Содержание слайда: Liberty свобода Liberties (юр.) вольности, привилегии

Содержание слайда: Light свет; освещение Lights мнение, оценка; система принципов

Содержание слайда: Line линия, черта, штрих строка контур экватор Lines план, чертеж строй (солдат) стихи, поэзия

Содержание слайда: Manner манера, поведение Manners воспитанность, умение себя вести

Содержание слайда: Occasion случай, событие Occasions (уст.) дела

Содержание слайда: Point точка, пункт вопрос Points достоинства, преимущества пуанты

Содержание слайда: Correspondencia to predicate Both singular and plural They looked at me like I was nuts. The bizarre rantings in the notes left behind by the serial killer convinced the police that these guys were nuts.