Презентация Independent work of students of English Prepared by:, 09-022 OM Checked by: Totanova Nazgul онлайн

Содержание слайда: Independent work of students of English Prepared by:, 09-022 OM Checked by: Totanova Nazgul

Содержание слайда: Skeletal System - Functions Support & shape to body Protection of internal organs Movement in union with muscles Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids Blood cell production

Содержание слайда: The Skeletal System Know the Skeletal Anatomy Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Surface Anatomy of the bone By x-ray or diagram Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament attachments Including range of motion

Содержание слайда: Human Skeleton 206 Bones Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper & lower extremities plus two girdles Half of bones in hands & feet

Содержание слайда: Axial Skeleton (80) Skull Ossicles of the middle ear Hyoid bone Thorax or chest Vertebral column

Содержание слайда: Appendicular Skeleton (126) Upper Extremity (64) Shoulder Girdle Arms Hands Lower Extremity (62) Pelvic Girdle Legs Feet

Содержание слайда: Types of Bone Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & patella) Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones) Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella) Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones) Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)

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Содержание слайда: Types of Vertebrae Cevical (7) Atlas Axis Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)

Содержание слайда: Cervical Vertebrae

Содержание слайда: Thoracic Vertebrae

Содержание слайда: Lumbar Vertebrae

Содержание слайда: Bone Cells Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood. Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone

Содержание слайда: Types of Skeletal Cartilage Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix- most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint) cartilages, costal cartilages (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering) Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis