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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: Constructivist Approaches to International Politics
J A Morrison
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lec 6: Constructivist Approaches
The Discipline of Political Science
Rationalism
Constructivism
Rationalism & Constructivism Compared
“Anarchy is what states make of it”
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lec 6: Constructivist Approaches
The Discipline of Political Science
Rationalism
Constructivism
Rationalism & Constructivism Compared
“Anarchy is what states make of it”
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: Before we grapple with the “constructivist” approach to IP, it is worth noting something distinctive about the discipline of political science.
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Different disciplines define and organize themselves in different ways.
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Historians define themselves as those who adhere to a particular methodology: the construction of narrative.
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: As chroniclers, they may simply hope to document the progression of events and lower the barriers to understanding that progression.
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Содержание слайда: Historians are meant to be competent to discuss all the big issues within the context of their chosen time and space.
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Economists define themselves according to a specific approach—a specific framework and methodology.
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: In general, economists attempt to explain how individuals maximize their preferences given environmental constraints.
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: As Barry Eichengreen (an economist) put it…
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: The discipline of political science, by contrast, is defined rather differently from the disciplines of history and economics.
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political science is a discipline defined by its substantive concern—politics—rather than its approach or methodology.
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: To be a political scientist, one must study any of the many facets of politics…
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: In terms of approach, however, political science is quite pluralistic.
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: These substantive issues of politics are studied in any number of ways, using…
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: Thus, there is no distinctive “political scientific” approach.
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: A critic would say that this makes political science schizophrenic and deeply fractured.
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№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: Constructivism, in fact, was the product of this kind of intellectual cross-fertilization.
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lec 6: Constructivist Approaches
The Discipline of Political Science
Rationalism
Constructivism
Rationalism & Constructivism Compared
“Anarchy is what states make of it”
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: While Waltz, Mearsheimer, Keohane, Axelrod, Russett, et al, come to different conclusions about IP, their approach to studying IP is essentially the same.
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Содержание слайда: These theorists all think about states in the international system in the same way that economists think about actors in markets.
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: They all employ (often explicitly) the economists’ “rational choice” approach.
Thus, they are sometimes called rationalists.
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: These rationalists explain how actors maximize their goals given various constraints.
But they pay little attention to the source of these actors’ goals.
Instead, these preferences are treated as exogenously determined—as determined outside the political process.
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lec 6: Constructivist Approaches
The Discipline of Political Science
Rationalism
Constructivism
Rationalism & Constructivism Compared
“Anarchy is what states make of it”
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда: Constructivists utilize a different approach and pursue different questions.
№30 слайд
Содержание слайда: Constructivists want to ask: how are these actors’ all-important preferences formed in the first place?
№31 слайд
Содержание слайда: These constructivists want to endogenize several of the elements that rationalists treat as exogneously determined.
№32 слайд
Содержание слайда: Or, as Katzenstein and Wendt put it…
№33 слайд
Содержание слайда: “[T]his book makes problematic the state interests that predominant explanations of national security often take for granted.” (Katzenstein, 1)
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№37 слайд
Содержание слайда: “It is through reciprocal interaction, in other words, that we create and instantiate the relatively enduring social structures in terms of which we define our identities and interests.” (Wendt, 406)
№38 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lec 6: Constructivist Approaches
The Discipline of Political Science
Rationalism
Constructivism
Rationalism & Constructivism Compared
“Anarchy is what states make of it”
№39 слайд
Содержание слайда: According to constructivists, constructivism is not a theory or a “school” of theories.
№40 слайд
Содержание слайда: Constructivists also see “rationalism” as an approach rather than as an individual theory or school of theories.
№41 слайд
Содержание слайда: But the two approaches differ significantly along several dimensions…
№42 слайд
Содержание слайда: THE RATIONALIST APPROACH
The Rationalist Ontology
The Rationalist Epistemology
Some Differences between Rationalists
№43 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Rationalist Ontology
№44 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Rationalist Ontology
№45 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Rationalist Epistemology
States are assumed to enjoy (bounded) rationality
States attempt to use strategies to maximize their preferences given their constraints
Different theories specify different values for these building blocks
№46 слайд
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№47 слайд
Содержание слайда: Some Differences between Rationalists
№48 слайд
Содержание слайда: THE CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
The Constructivist Ontology
The Constructivist Epistemology
Some Differences between Constructivists
№49 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Constructivist Ontology
№50 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Constructivist Ontology
№51 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Constructivist Epistemology
Structure (interests, environment, and strategies) cannot be understood apart from process (international interaction)
States construct these elements through their interaction
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Содержание слайда: Constructivism “Lite”
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Содержание слайда: Constructivism “Heavy”
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№57 слайд
Содержание слайда: Approach to IP
№58 слайд
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№59 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lec 6: Constructivist Approaches
The Discipline of Political Science
Rationalism
Constructivism
Rationalism & Constructivism Compared
“Anarchy is what states make of it”
№60 слайд
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№65 слайд
Содержание слайда: “I argue that self-help and power politics do not follow either logically or causally from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self-help world, this is due to process, not structure. There is no ‘logic’ of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process. Self-help and power politics are institutions, not essential features of anarchy. Anarchy is what states make of it.” (Wendt, 394-95)
№66 слайд
Содержание слайда: Here’s an example…
№67 слайд
Содержание слайда: In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev deliberately reshaped the rhetoric that had defined the relationship between the US and the USSR.
He worked to transform the two states’ identities and interests from being antithetical to being compatible.
As he later put it, “We wanted a new set of international relationships that would make it possible to address global issues [like identity and globalization].”
№68 слайд
Содержание слайда: As Wendt would argue, structural features like the distribution of power matter less than how we interpret those circumstances.
After all, is the power going to someone we consider to be a friend or an enemy?
How do our two states usually resolve our differences? Via international regimes or through force?
№69 слайд
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№70 слайд
Содержание слайда: To Do…
Keep thinking about your papers
Goldstein & Keohane: Develop an Outline of a Critical Analysis
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