Презентация Laws of Thermodynamics онлайн
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№4 слайд
![Classical vs Statistical](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Classical vs Statistical
Classical thermodynamics concerns the relationships between bulk properties of matter. Nothing is examined at the atomic or molecular level.
Statistical thermodynamics seeks to explain those bulk properties in terms of constituent atoms. The statistical part treats the aggregation of atoms, not the behavior of any individual atom
№9 слайд
![. . Adiabatic Process An](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img8.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 1.1.1 Adiabatic Process
An adiabatic process transfers no heat
therefore Q = 0
ΔU = Q – W
When a system expands adiabatically, W is positive (the system does work) so ΔU is negative.
When a system compresses adiabatically, W is negative (work is done on the system) so ΔU is positive.
№10 слайд
![. . Isothermal Process An](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img9.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 1.1.2 Isothermal Process
An isothermal process is a constant temperature process. Any heat flow into or out of the system must be slow enough to maintain thermal equilibrium
For ideal gases, if ΔT is zero, ΔU = 0
Therefore, Q = W
Any energy entering the system (Q) must leave as work (W)
№15 слайд
![. You can t break even nd Law](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img14.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2.0 You can’t break even (2nd Law)
Think about what it means to not “break even”. Every effort you put forth, no matter how efficient you are, will have a tiny bit of waste.
The 2nd Law can also be stated that heat flows spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object (spontaneously means without the assistance of external work)
№17 слайд
![. Concerning the nd Law The](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2.1 Concerning the 2nd Law
The second law of thermodynamics introduces the notion of entropy (S), a measure of system disorder (messiness)
U is the quantity of a system’s energy, S is the quality of a system’s energy.
Another C.P. Snow expression:
not knowing the 2nd law of thermodynamics is the cultural equivalent to never having read Shakespeare
№18 слайд
![. Implications of the nd Law](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img17.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2.2 Implications of the 2nd Law
Time marches on
If you watch a movie, how do you know that you are seeing events in the order they occurred?
If I drop a raw egg on the floor, it becomes extremely “disordered” (greater Entropy) – playing the movie in reverse would show pieces coming together to form a whole egg (decreasing Entropy) – highly unlikely!
№23 слайд
![. . . Carnot explained Curve](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2.4.2.1 Carnot explained
Curve A (1 → 2): Isothermal expansion at TH
Work done by the gas
Curve B (2 → 3): Adiabatic expansion
Work done by the gas
Curve C (3 → 4): Isothermal compression at TC
Work done on the gas
Curve D (4 → 1): Adiabatic compression
Work done on the gas
№25 слайд
![. Engine Efficiency The](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img24.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2.5 Engine Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is
e = 1 + QC/QH
The “engine” statement of the 2nd Law:
it is impossible for any system to have an efficiency of 100% (e = 1) [Kelvin’s statement]
Another statement of the 2nd Law:
It is impossible for any process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler object to a warmer object [Clausius’s statement]
№26 слайд
![. Practical Uses Automobile](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2.6 Practical Uses
Automobile engines, refrigerators, and air conditioners all work on the principles laid out by the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Ever wonder why you can’t cool your kitchen in the hot summer by leaving the refrigerator door open?
Feel the air coming off the back - you heat the air outside to cool the air inside
See, you can’t break even!
№27 слайд
![. You can t get out rd Law No](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img26.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 3.0 You can’t get out (3rd Law)
No system can reach absolute zero
This is one reason we use the Kelvin temperature scale. Not only is the internal energy proportional to temperature, but you never have to worry about dividing by zero in an equation!
There is no formula associated with the 3rd Law of Thermodynamics
№28 слайд
![. Implications of rd Law MIT](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img27.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 3.1 Implications of 3rd Law
MIT researchers achieved 450 picokelvin in 2003 (less than ½ of one billionth!)
Molecules near these temperatures have been called the fifth state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensates
Awesome things like super-fluidity and super-conductivity happen at these temperatures
Exciting frontier of research
№29 слайд
![. The Zeroth Law The First](/documents_6/8177e92040c1baaf81ef5c3c6e31dcfe/img28.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 4.0 The Zeroth Law
The First and Second Laws were well entrenched when an additional Law was recognized (couldn’t renumber the 1st and 2nd Laws)
If objects A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
Allows us to define temperature relative to an established standard
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