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№10 слайд
![Wind Resource Mapping](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img9.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Wind Resource Mapping
Identifies most promising areas for wind energy development
Employs geographic information system technology to create layers of key information
Used by state energy planners, Indian tribes, and developers
Approach changing from empirical to numerical modeling techniques
Forecasting, resource assessment and site specific inflow quantification methods are likely to converge into a single approach
№29 слайд
![In http www.energydigital.com](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img28.jpg)
Содержание слайда: In 2016
http://www.energydigital.com/top10/3705/Top-10-Wind-Turbine-Suppliers
10. Nordex Germany 3.4%
9. Ming Yang China 3.7%
8. United Power China 3.9%
7. Gamesa Spain 4.6%
6. GE U.S. 4.9%
5. Sulzon Group India 6.3%
4. Siemens Germany 8.0%
3. Enercon Germany 10.1%
2. Goldwind China 10.3%
1. Vestas Denmark 13.2%
Vestas is the world’s only global energy company dedicated entirely to wind power and it definitely shows. With more than 60 GW installed worldwide, Vestas is the biggest name in the wind industry. Vestas also experience on its side, as it’s been around since 1898. Committed to sustainability and a healthier planet, Vestas doesn’t look like it’s giving up its top spot anytime soon.
№30 слайд
![In . Nordex Germany . Nordex](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img29.jpg)
Содержание слайда: In 2016
10. Nordex
Germany
3.4%
Nordex has been supplying wind turbines since 1985. Just two years after its founding, the company installed the largest series wind turbine in the world at the time. The company saw large growth in the 1990s, entering the MW class in 1995. Nordex is still a world leader in wind, with its focus on reliability, quality ongoing service, and wide range of offerings.
9. Ming Yang
China
3.7%
The largest private wind turbine manufacturer in China (but the 5th largest in the country), Ming Yang is a major player in the world of wind. Founded in 2006, the company is relatively new—its first turbines went into production in 2007. The company’s stock skyrocketed earlier this year, with it getting major support from Chinese power companies. While it hasn’t quite hit the same highs, Ming Yang remains a leader in wind.
8. United Power
China
3.9%
United Power is a state-owned Chinese wind company which has been a world leader for several years. The company, which is headquartered in Beijing, has several subsidiaries underneath it. The company has a diverse turbine portfolio, allowing it to deploy its turbines in a variety of settings.
7. Gamesa
Spain
4.6%
Gamesa is a big name when it comes to wind. The company has 30,000 MW installed in 45 countries and offers comprehensive maintenance and service for 19,500 MW worth of turbines. Its two biggest markets are its home country of Spain and the burgeoning energy market of China. Gamesa is very internationally focused, as 88% of its sales come from outside of Spain. Also unique to the country is its partnership with universities, in which it looks to academic to recruit and retain the best staff it can.
6. GE
U.S.
4.9%
GE is majorly focused on innovation within the wind industry. It’s also very proud of its turbines, in which its 2-3 MW platform produces the highest annual energy yield in its class. With more than 16,500 turbines deployed worldwide, it’s no surprise that GE is one of the largest wind companies out there.
5. Sulzon Group
India
6.3%
Sulzon views itself as more than a wind company; it believes it is a champion of the renewable energy movement. As well as leading the charge for wind in India, the company operates on 6 continents—all except Antarctica. Also notable about Sulzon is its wide range of turbine size, from 600 kW to its 6.15 MW offshore turbine.
4. Siemens
Germany
8.0%
One of the most recognizable names in wind, Siemens offers solutions for both on and offshore wind projects. The biggest focus for Siemens is driving down costs of wind turbines. They aim to make renewable energy viable without subsidies. Siemens is also fully committed to their turbines, acting as its caretaker for its whole life cycle to ensure it’s always running optimally.
3. Enercon
Germany
10.1%
Enercon is a company that believes in value. Whether it’s its customers, service, shareholders, or employees, Enercon defines excellence as the value placed in them. The company is highly focused on delivering projects on time and error-free. Still, quality is king for Enercon and it’s not something it’s willing to compromise.
2. Goldwind
China
10.3%
Goldwind is an older wind company, having been founded in 1998. Since then, it’s grown massively and has an installed 19 GW around the globe. The company is looking to expand internationally, though it already has operations on all 6 continents. Goldwind is aiming for the number 1 spot on the list and believes it will get there by setting aggressive goals for itself—and it believes it can meet them.
1. Vestas
Denmark
13.2%
Vestas is the world’s only global energy company dedicated entirely to wind power and it definitely shows. With more than 60 GW installed worldwide, Vestas is the biggest name in the wind industry. Vestas also experience on its side, as it’s been around since 1898. Committed to sustainability and a healthier planet, Vestas doesn’t look like it’s giving up its top spot anytime soon.
№31 слайд
![Wind Power Basic Analyses](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img30.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Wind Power
(Basic Analyses)
Kinetic Energy: ½ mV2; m-mass; V-velocity
Wind Power: Energy/time = (1/2) (mass flow) (velocity)2
mass flow = density of air x area swept x velocity of air = ½ AV3
* However, turbine power P(T)=1/2 CpAV3 where maximum of Cp is known as the Betz limit = 16/27
№49 слайд
![Wind Power siting Summary of](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img48.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Wind Power (siting)
Summary of Features of Suitable Site
High annual average wind speed (consult local National Weather Service Station)
No tall obstructions upwind for a distance depending on the height
Top of smooth well-rounded hill (with gentle slopes) on flat plain or island in a lake or sea
Open plain, open shoreline
Mountain gap that produces a funneling
№50 слайд
![The wind turbines are](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img49.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The wind turbines are categorized into classes, corresponding to the average wind speed areas that they are designed for, see also fig. 22, thus area classes range from Class 1 - 200 W/m2 or less at 50 m height - to Class 7, 800 ÷ 2000 W/m2. Most of the large wind farms are sited for Class 3 or higher geographical areas, although Class 1 area will be of the most interest for architects. Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for, from class I to class IV, with A or B referring to the turbulence.
The wind turbines are categorized into classes, corresponding to the average wind speed areas that they are designed for, see also fig. 22, thus area classes range from Class 1 - 200 W/m2 or less at 50 m height - to Class 7, 800 ÷ 2000 W/m2. Most of the large wind farms are sited for Class 3 or higher geographical areas, although Class 1 area will be of the most interest for architects. Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for, from class I to class IV, with A or B referring to the turbulence.
№51 слайд
![Necessary to remember that](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img50.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Necessary to remember that the efficiency of the wind turbines are restricted by Betz Limit, approximately equal to 59%. Usually wind turbines are fulfilling only about 65-85% of this range, thus it is accepted to talk about coefficient of Performance – COP, and not efficiency. Thus the most turbines have COP of 0.65 – 0.85.
Necessary to remember that the efficiency of the wind turbines are restricted by Betz Limit, approximately equal to 59%. Usually wind turbines are fulfilling only about 65-85% of this range, thus it is accepted to talk about coefficient of Performance – COP, and not efficiency. Thus the most turbines have COP of 0.65 – 0.85.
№62 слайд
![Homework - Wind A wind-data](/documents_6/b87ceb13d39b4abf672dde8d6e424337/img61.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Homework - Wind
A wind-data acquisition system located at Kahuku Point, Hawaii, measures 8 m/s 24 times, 9 m/s 72 times, 10 m/s 85 times, 12 m/s 48 times, and 13 m/s 9 times during a given period. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviations.
A turbine is rated at 100 KW at 16 m/s and 50 KW at 12 m/s. The area is 200m2. Compute the rated overall efficiency η at each rating when
=1,294 kg/m3.
Derive Betz Limit formula.
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