Презентация Radar and Satellite Remote Sensing онлайн
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Презентации » Технология » Radar and Satellite Remote Sensing
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- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:43 слайда
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
- Размер файла:12.60 MB
- Просмотров:71
- Скачиваний:1
- Автор:неизвестен
Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№3 слайд
![Background Sea-level rise](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Background
Sea-level rise resulting from the changing global climate is expected to directly impact many millions of people living in low-lying coastal regions.
Accelerated discharge from polar outlet glaciers is unpredictable and represents a significant threat.
Predictive models of ice sheet behavior require knowledge of the bed conditions, specifically basal topography and whether the bed is frozen or wet.
The NSF established CReSIS (Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets) to better understand and predict the role of polar ice sheets in sea-level change.
№4 слайд
![CReSIS technology](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: CReSIS technology requirements: Radar
Technology requirements are driven by science, specifically the data needed by glaciologists to improve our understanding of ice dynamics.
The radar sensor system shall:
measure the ice thickness with 5-m accuracy to 5-km depths
detect and measure the depth of shallow internal layers
(depths < 100 m) with 10-cm accuracy
measure the depth to internal reflection layers with 5-m accuracy
detect and, if present, map the extent of water layers and water channels at the basal surface with 10-m spatial resolution when the depth of the water layer is at least 1 cm
provide backscatter data that enables bed roughness characterization with 10-m spatial resolution and roughness characterized at a 1-m scale
№5 слайд
![CReSIS technology](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img4.jpg)
Содержание слайда: CReSIS technology requirements: Radar
The radar sensor system shall:
detect and, if present, measure the anisotropic orientation angle within the ice as a function of depth with 25° angular resolution
measure ice attenuation with 100-m depth resolution and radiometric accuracy sufficient to estimate englacial temperature to an accuracy of 1 °C
detect and, if present, map the structure and extent of englacial moulins
№6 слайд
![A brief overview of radar](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A brief overview of radar
Radar – radio detection and ranging
Developed in the early 1900s (pre-World War II)
1904 Europeans demonstrated use for detecting ships in fog
1922 U.S. Navy Research Laboratory (NRL) detected wooden ship on Potomac River
1930 NRL engineers detected an aircraft with simple radar system
World War II accelerated radar’s development
Radar had a significant impact militarily
Called “The Invention That Changed The World” in two books by Robert Buderi
Radar’s has deep military roots
It continues to be important militarily
Growing number of civil applications
Objects often called ‘targets’ even civil applications
№7 слайд
![A brief overview of radar](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img6.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A brief overview of radar
Uses electromagnetic (EM) waves
Frequencies in the MHz, GHz, THz
Shares spectrum with FM, TV, GPS, cell phones, wireless technologies, satellite communications
Governed by Maxwell’s equations
Signals propagate at the speed of light
Antennas or optics used to launch/receive waves
Related technologies use acoustic waves
Ultrasound, seismics, sonar
Microphones, accelerometers, hydrophones used as transducers
№8 слайд
![A brief overview of radar](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img7.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A brief overview of radar
Active sensor
Provides its own illumination
Operates in day and night
Largely immune to smoke, haze, fog, rain, snow, …
Involves both a transmitter and a receiver
Related technologies are purely passive
Radio astronomy, radiometers
Configurations
Monostatic
transmitter and receiver co-located
Bistatic
transmitter and receiver separated
Multistatic
multiple transmitters and/or receivers
Passive
exploits non-cooperative illuminator
№9 слайд
![A brief overview of radar](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img8.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A brief overview of radar
Various classes of operation
Pulsed vs. continuous wave (CW)
Coherent vs. incoherent
Measurement capabilities
Detection, Ranging
Position (range and direction), Radial velocity (Doppler)
Target characteristics (radar cross section – RCS)
Mapping, Change detection
№20 слайд
![Surface clutter For airborne](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img19.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Surface clutter
For airborne (or spaceborne) radar configurations, radar echoes from the surface of the ice and mask the desired internal layer echoes or even the echo from the ice bed.
These unwanted echoes are called clutter.
Clutter refers to actual radar echoes returned from targets which are by definition uninteresting to the radar operators.
System geometry determines the regions whose clutter echo coincide with the echoes of interest.
№23 слайд
![Radar depth sounding of polar](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radar depth sounding of polar ice
Multi-Channel Radar
Depth Sounder (MCRDS)
Platforms: P-3 Orion Twin Otter
Transmit power: 400 W
Center frequency: 150 MHz
Pulse duration: 3 or 10 s
Pulse bandwidth: 20 MHz
PRF: 10 kHz
Rx noise figure: 3.9 dB
Tx antenna array: 5 elements
Rx antenna array: 5 elements
Element type: /4 dipole
folded dipole
Element gain: 4.8 dBi
Loop sensitivity: 218 dB
Provides excellent sensitivity for mapping ice thickness and internal layers along the ground track.
№24 слайд
![Multichannel SAR To provide](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Multichannel SAR
To provide wide-area coverage, a ground-based side-looking synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) was developed to image swaths of the ice-bed interface.
Key system parameters
Center frequency: 210 MHz Bandwidth: 180 MHz
Transmit power: 800 W Pulse duration: 1 and 10 s
Noise figure: 2 dB PRF: 6.9 kHz
Rx antenna array: 8 elements Tx antenna array: 4 elements
Antenna type: TEM horn Element gain: ~ 1 dBi
Loop sensitivity: 220 dB Dynamic range: 130 dB
# of Tx channels: 2 # of Rx channels: 8
A/D sample frequency: 720 MHz # of A/D converter channels: 2
№25 слайд
![Depthsounder data The slower](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img24.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Depthsounder data
The slower platform speed of a ground-based radar, its increased antenna array size, and improved sensitivity and range resolution enhance the radar’s off-nadir signal detection ability. This essential for mapping the bed over a swath.
Frequency-wavenumber (f-k) migration processing is applied to provide fine along-track resolution. Using a 600-m aperture length provides about 5-m along-track resolution at a 3-km depth.
№26 слайд
![SAR image mosaic First SAR](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: SAR image mosaic
First SAR map of the bed produced through a thick ice sheet.
SAR image mosaics of the bed terrain beneath the 3-km ice sheet are shown for the 120-to-200-MHz band and the 210-to-290-MHz band (next slide).
These mosaics were produced by piecing together the 1-km-wide swaths from the east-west traverses.
№41 слайд
![Future directions System](/documents_6/d9535b9e0fed7e41120c3c6d816bd61c/img40.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Future directions
System refinements
Eight-channel digitizer (no more time-multiplexing) (6 dB improvement)
Reduced bandwidth from 180 MHz to 80 MHz (140 to 220 MHz) to avoid spectrum use issues.
Signal processing
Produce more accurate DEM using interferometry.
Produce 3-D SAR maps showing topography and backscattering.
Platforms
Migrate system to airborne platforms (Twin Otter, UAV).
Meridian UAV
Take-off weight: 1080 lbs
Wingspan: 26.4 ft
Range: 1750 km
Endurance: 13 hrs
Payload: 55 kg
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