Презентация Polluter Pays Principle онлайн
На нашем сайте вы можете скачать и просмотреть онлайн доклад-презентацию на тему Polluter Pays Principle абсолютно бесплатно. Урок-презентация на эту тему содержит всего 21 слайд. Все материалы созданы в программе PowerPoint и имеют формат ppt или же pptx. Материалы и темы для презентаций взяты из открытых источников и загружены их авторами, за качество и достоверность информации в них администрация сайта не отвечает, все права принадлежат их создателям. Если вы нашли то, что искали, отблагодарите авторов - поделитесь ссылкой в социальных сетях, а наш сайт добавьте в закладки.
Презентации » Окружающий мир » Polluter Pays Principle
Оцените!
Оцените презентацию от 1 до 5 баллов!
- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:21 слайд
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
- Размер файла:468.58 kB
- Просмотров:68
- Скачиваний:0
- Автор:неизвестен
Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: What is Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)?
The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is an environmental policy principle which requires that the costs of pollution be borne by those who cause it. In its original emergence the Polluter Pays Principle aims at determining how the costs of pollution prevention and control must be allocated: the polluter must pay.
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Functions of PPP
Main function according to OECD recommendation:
Allocation “of costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment”
The polluter should bear the expense of carrying out the measures “Decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in acceptable state” (OECD 1972)
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Principle 16
National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment.
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Functions of PPP
Today, PPP is understood in a broad sense:
Covering pollution prevention and control measures
Covering liability---clean up costs of damage to the environment
Pollution at the source---product impacts, LCA, extended producer responsibility
PPP can be understood as overarching principle of environmental responsibility
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Substance of PPP
What is pollution?
Two concepts:
Pollution exists, if administrative thresholds are exceeded unlawful acts
Pollution is defined independently from administrative thresholds environmental impact of the emission or harmful activity
Pollution does not mean, that environmental damage already occurred also minimization of risk has to be paid by the “polluter” preventive and precautionary principle
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: PPP in International Law
Numerous Conventions (Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Baltic Sea, Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution)
WTO Law
PPP as general principle of law or as a rule of customary law as provided for in Article 38 of the Statue of the International Court of Justice
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: PPP in International Law
STATUTE
OF THE
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Article 38
1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:
a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: PPP in National Law
Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Article 5. The basic principles of environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan
7) mandatory compensation for damage, caused to the environment;
8) payment and authorization procedure of environmental impact;
Article 189. The principles of international cooperation
9) responsibility of the polluter for the expenses, connected with the environment pollution.
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: The ‘polluter pays’ principle is normally implemented through two different policy approaches: command-and-control and market-based. Command-and-control approaches include performance and technology standards, such as environmental regulations in the production of a given polluting technology. Market-based instruments include pollution or ecotaxes, tradable pollution permits and product labelling.
Most of the time, the ‘polluter pays’ principle takes the form of a tax collected by government and levied per unit of pollution emitted into the air or water. As a policy instrument for the control of pollution, a tax on emissions will theoretically reduce pollution, because firms or individuals will reduce emissions in order to avoid paying the tax.
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: Despite the fact that the ‘polluter pays’ principle was publicised by early conservationists as a means to reduce ecological pollution or in general ecological damages, many observers still consider it a ‘vague concept’. However, the Exxon Valdez case would be an example of its application. In 1989, the oil tanker ran aground and over 300,000 barrels of crude oil poured into Alaskan waters. Exxon was in principle required to pay USD 125 million in fines to the US Federal Government and the state of Alaska, as well as USD 900 million for a fund to be doled out by government officials for environmental projects, among other things. In addition, Exxon was put under tremendous political pressure to restore the shoreline. It thus engaged in an extensive and costly clean-up operation, with controversial results.
Despite the fact that the ‘polluter pays’ principle was publicised by early conservationists as a means to reduce ecological pollution or in general ecological damages, many observers still consider it a ‘vague concept’. However, the Exxon Valdez case would be an example of its application. In 1989, the oil tanker ran aground and over 300,000 barrels of crude oil poured into Alaskan waters. Exxon was in principle required to pay USD 125 million in fines to the US Federal Government and the state of Alaska, as well as USD 900 million for a fund to be doled out by government officials for environmental projects, among other things. In addition, Exxon was put under tremendous political pressure to restore the shoreline. It thus engaged in an extensive and costly clean-up operation, with controversial results.
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: Conclusion
In our opinion, many local small- and medium-sized firms cannot internalize environmental costs in their products or finance cleaner technologies, and governments often lack the power to force (e.g. extractive) industries to internalize environmental costs. In sum, however, ecotaxes usually fit well into the ecological economics framework. Environmental taxes are tools for achieving two different kinds of government goals: the provision of public services and goods and the protection of environmental quality. The joint pursuit of both goals using taxation can thus enable government to justify doing more of both.
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: References
OECD 1972 Recommendation of the council on guiding principles concerning international economic aspects of environmental policies.
RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Having met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 9 January, 2007 No.212
Bob Ward and Naomi Hicks of the Grantham Research Institute. “What is the 'polluter pays' principle?”. post by The Guardian is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales License.
Baldock D & Bennett G (1991) Agriculture and the Polluter Pays Principle: a study of six EC countries, Institute for European Environmental Policy, London and Arnhem
Lucia, V. (2013). Polluter pays principle. Retrieved from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155292
Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles . http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpcchap6.pdf
Скачать все slide презентации Polluter Pays Principle одним архивом:
-
Air pollution in Asia. Conditiona
-
Air Pollution
-
Principles of enviromental protection
-
Control emissions of pollutants
-
The largest pollution of the North sea
-
Pollution
-
Water pollution and consequences
-
Sustainable urban development. Congestion and Pollution
-
The ecological problems. Pollution of our environment
-
Environmental pollution assessment