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- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:37 слайдов
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
- Размер файла:1.72 MB
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№2 слайд
![Water quality Water quality](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img1.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water quality
Water quality is commonly defined by its physical, chemical, biological and aesthetic (appearance and smell) characteristics.
Water may be used for drinking, irrigating crops and watering stock, industrial processes, production of fish, shellfish and crustaceans, wildlife habitats, protection of aquatic ecosystems, navigation and shipping, recreation (swimming, boating), and scientific study and education.
№3 слайд
![Protecting aquatic ecosystems](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Protecting aquatic
ecosystems
Aquatic ecosystems are an integral part of our environment. They need to be maintained if the environment is to continue to support people. World conservation strategies stress the importance of maintaining healthy ecosystems and genetic diversity.
Aquatic ecosystems play an important role in maintaining water quality and are a valuable indicator of water quality and the suitability of the water for other uses.
Aquatic ecosystems are valuable resources. Aquatic life is a major source of protein for humans. In most countries, like Portugal, commercial and sport fishing is economically important.
№4 слайд
![The physicochemical](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The physicochemical indicators can be classified into two groups:
● Those which have direct toxic effects on the biota (e.g., heavy metals, salinity, pesticides, and temperature)
● Those which affect ecosystems indirectly (e.g., nutrients, turbidity, and excess organic matter)
№5 слайд
![The quality of the aquatic](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img4.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The quality of the aquatic environment is a broader issue which can be described in terms of:
water quality,
the composition and state of the biological life present in the water body,
the nature of the particulate matter present,
the physical description of the water body (hydrology, dimensions, nature of lake bottom or river bed, etc.).
№6 слайд
![This can be achieved through](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: This can be achieved through:
chemical analyses of water, particulate matter and aquatic organisms (such as planktonic algae and selected parts of organisms such as fish muscle),
biological tests, such as toxicity tests and measurements of enzyme activities,
descriptions of aquatic organisms, including their occurrence, density, biomass, physiology and diversity (from which, for example, a biotic index may be developed or microbiological characteristics determined),
physical measurements of water temperature, pH, conductivity, light penetration, particle size of suspended and deposited material, dimensions of the water body, flow velocity, hydrological balance, etc.
№7 слайд
![Water quality indicators](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img6.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water quality indicators
Biological: algae, bacteria
Physical: temperature, turbidity and clarity, color, salinity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, sediment
Chemical: pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, nutrients (including nitrogen and phosphorus), organic and inorganic compounds (including toxicants)
Aesthetic: odors, taints, color, floating matter
Radioactive: alpha, beta and gamma radiation emitters.
№11 слайд
![Types of Stations Baseline](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img10.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Types of Stations
Baseline Stations are typically located in headwater lakes, undisturbed upstream river stretches, and in aquifers where no known direct diffuse or point-sources of pollutants are likely to be found. They are used to establish natural water quality conditions; to provide a basis for comparison with trend and flux stations; and to determine, through trend analysis, the influence of long-range transport of contaminants and of climatic changes.
Trend Stations are typically located in major river basins, lakes or aquifers. They are used to track long-term changes in water quality related to pollution sources and land uses; to provide a basis for identifying causes or influences on measured conditions or identified trends. Since trend stations are intended to capture human impacts on water quality, the number of trend stations is relatively higher than the other types of stations, to cover the variety of water quality issues facing various basins. Most trend stations are located in basins with a range of pollution-inducing activities. However , some stations can be located in basins with single, dominant activities. Some trend stations may also serve as global river flux stations.
Flux Stations are located at the mouth of rivers as they exit to the coast. They are used to determine integrated annual fluxes of pollutants from river basins to oceans or regional seas, thereby contributing to geochemical cycles. For calculating chemical fluxes, water flow measurements must be obtained at the location of the global river flux stations.
№12 слайд
![Physicochemical Indicators](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Physicochemical Indicators
Color (this can influence primary production)
Dissolved oxygen (this can adversely affect fish and invertebrates)
Nutrients (in excess, these can result in cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) blooms)
pH (low pH can adversely affect aquatic biota directly and also can result in release of
heavy metals from sediments)
Salinity (high salinity can adversely affect freshwater macrophytes and other aquatic biota)
Suspended particulate matter and turbidity (these can influence primary production)
Temperature (both high and low temperatures can adversely affect aquatic biota)
№16 слайд
![Water quality parameters](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water quality parameters
Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the volume of oxygen that is contained in water.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere as gaseous molecular nitrogen, but most plants can use it only in the fixed forms of nitrate and ammonium. Nitrate and nitrite are inorganic ions occurring naturally as part of the nitrogen cycle.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all life forms. It plays a role in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), adenosinediphosphate (ADP), and adenosinetriphosphate (ATP). Phosphorus is required for these necessary components of life to occur.
Heavy metals
№19 слайд
![Regulating Water Quality](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img18.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Regulating Water Quality
According to the Sanitary Regulations and Standards (SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01), potable water shall be safe with regard to epidemiological and radiation properties, harmless with regard to chemical composition and shall have favorable organoleptic properties.
№20 слайд
![Water quality Water quality](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img19.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water quality
Water quality means its content and properties, which determine its applicability within certain types of water use; however, quality indices are properties, which allow assessment of the water quality.
Sanitary properties help establish microbiological and parasitologic properties of water (amount of microorganisms and bacteria of the colon bacillus group per volume unit). Toxicological properties of water, characterizing safety of its chemical composition, are determined depending on a composition of substances, the amount of which shall not exceed the established standards. And the last, but not the least: when assessing water quality, organoleptic properties (temperature, transparency, color, taste, hardness.
№21 слайд
![Water quality Sanitary](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img20.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water quality
Sanitary Regulations and Standards SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02 establish requirements to water supplied through non-central supply systems, regulating smell, taste, color, turbidity, and specifying that the content of chemical substances shall not exceed rates established through relevant standards.
Just like for the atmospheric air, water quality is regulated through maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs).
№22 слайд
![Maximum permissible](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img21.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Maximum permissible concentration
Maximum permissible concentration for household and cultural and general water use (MPCw) is a concentration of a harmful substance in the water, which should not produce direct or indirect effect on the human being throughout life or on health of the next generations, and which should not worsen hygienic conditions of the water use.
Maximum permissible concentration in a piece of water, used for fishery (MPCf) is a concentration of harmful substances in water, which should produce no harmful effect on fish stock, and, notably, commercial fish stock.
№23 слайд
![MPC MPCf is often considered](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: MPC
MPCf is often considered as an environmental standard, which is not correct. Practically, MPCf is the concentration of a harmful substance in water, which effect on the environment is accompanied with the following conditions:
No fish or organisms, being the fodder base, die;
No species of fish, which earlier inhabited the waters, disappear; no fish or organisms, valuable as fodder, are replaced with species, inappropriate for food;
No damage to commercial properties of the fish is observed,
No changes, which may potentially result in death of fish, replacement of fodder or loss of commercial properties of the species, occur.
№24 слайд
![MPC MPCsf are usually more](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: MPC
MPCsf are usually more stringent, than MPCsw.
It should be emphasized, that it is fishery and consumer protection in the first place, although certain principles of environmental water protection, have been considered within the standards.
However, since they are established for Russia (or the USSR), they are not based upon the characteristics of geographical zones, biogeochemical provinces, hydrological conditions, etc, which speaks for commerce being the priority.
№27 слайд
![Water Pollution Index As it](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img26.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water Pollution Index
As it is with the atmospheric air, various indices are used to ensure comparative analysis of water pollution. These indices allow analysis of several polluting substances. The most commonly used index is the complex hydrochemical Water Pollution Index (referred to as WPI in formulas). It is obtained through the following formula:
WPI = ∑Ci ∙MPCi / N, where
Ci — concentration of the component (or parameter value);
MPCi — the established value for the relevant type of the piece of water
N — number of properties, used to calculate the index
№30 слайд
![Water Pollution Index The](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img29.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Water Pollution Index
The grade of excess MPCf is calculated for each ingredient on the basis of actual concentration (Кi) and frequency of occurrence (Нi), as well as the general assessment grade (Bi).
Ki = Ci / MPCi
Hi = (N MPCi/Ni)∙100%
Bi = Ki * Hi
where Сi — is the concentration of i ingredient,
MPCi — maximum permissible concentration of i ingredient for waters used for commercial 11 fishery;
N MPCi — number of frequencies of MPC excess (i ingredient);
Ni — total number of measurements of the i ingredient
№31 слайд
![Combinative Pollution Index](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img30.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Combinative Pollution Index
Ingredients, for which the value of the general assessment grade is over or equal to 11, limitative pollution index (LPI) is determined. Combinative Pollution Index (referred to as CPI in the formula below) is calculated as the total amount of assessment grades of all ingredients. Combinative Index helps establish water pollution class:
CPI = ∑Si
№32 слайд
![Combinative Pollution Index](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img31.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Combinative Pollution Index
Combinative Pollution Index is applicable only when the impact effect is aggravated through parallel impact produced by several substances.
Apart from approaches to regulating water quality upon hydrochemical properties, there is a different approach, based on bioindication. This approach implies analysis of the presence and amount of organisms of certain species, inhabiting the environment, as the indicators of natural processes, conditions or man-caused changes in the habitat.
In Russia, hydrobiological assessment of water quality is based mainly on the saprobity index and Woodiviss and Mayer index.
№33 слайд
![Saprobity Index Integral](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img32.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Saprobity Index
Integral characteristics of the quality also include the saprobity index, which is calculated onthe basis of individual properties of the species saprobity, present in various aquatic communities (phytoplankton, periphyton):
S = ∑Si∙hi / hi
Where Si – is the value of the individual saprobity index of the i-th aquatic organism, which is established through special reference tables;
hi – relative frequency of occurrence of indicative organisms (when under the microscope);
N – number of indicative organisms selected (usually, N>30)
№34 слайд
![Saprobity Index The Si value](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img33.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Saprobity Index
The Si value represents the aggregate of the physiological and biochemical properties of an aquatic organisms, which pre-condition its ability to inhabit in water, containing a certain amount of organic substances. Therefore, the index characterizes the nutritional status of the water body. Water quality is regulated according to the value of S
№36 слайд
![Integral Indices integral](/documents_6/bfe9cad52bab89deef45bf46940974e1/img35.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Integral Indices
integral indices as such are not the assessment of the mancaused environmental load.
High values of water pollution indices can also be preconditioned by natural properties of the catchment area (for instance, by ashen-gray soils, peats, which condition high content of organic substances in water, identified as oil products through some techniques, high natural content of cuprum, ore, manganese, low value of dissolved oxygen concentration, etc).
In this case, even rivers, experiencing minor mancaused loads, will be referred to as exceedingly polluted or polluted on the basis of water pollution indices.
Thus, state reports cover the case of the Pra river, which basin lies within the protected areas of Meschyora and Meschyorskiy national parks. Man-caused load isminor, certain sections of the river are included in the list of wetlands of international significance as home for rare water fauna species.
Therefore, one shall be careful assessing environmental load on the basis values, grounded upon the MPC system. These values are expedient for assessment of tendencies towards time changes or for comparison of various sections of the water body.
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