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№1 слайд![Nuclear Energy Controlled](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img0.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Nuclear Energy: Controlled Fission and Fusion
IE350
№2 слайд![Fission Break into parts Decay](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img1.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Fission
Break into parts
Decay
№3 слайд![Atomic Structure Operation of](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Atomic Structure
Operation of a nuclear reactor depends upon various interactions of neutrons with atomic nuclei
protons (p); neutrons (n); electrons (e)
protons or neutrons = nucleons
- Atomic number Z= # of protons (H=1, He=2…U=92)
- Mass number A, # of nucleons, A=p+n=Z+n or n=A-Z
- Isotopes – same Z but different A
e.g. U – 234, 235, 238
U (235) = 92p+143n
№4 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img3.jpg)
№5 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img4.jpg)
№6 слайд![Energy Mass Equivalence](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Energy/Mass Equivalence
№7 слайд![Binding Energy Table . B.E. A](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img6.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Binding Energy (Table 2.4)
B.E./A = 931/A [ZmH + mn (A-Z) – M] Mev/nucleon
931 is equivalent to 5.6x1026 divided by
Avogadro No. = 6.02x1023
mH = 1.008; mn = 1.009
M = in amu (atomic mass unit)
1 amu = 1.660 x 10-24 gm
№8 слайд![Binding Energy](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img7.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Binding Energy
№9 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img8.jpg)
№10 слайд![Radioactivity Unstable](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img9.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radioactivity
Unstable elements; from Z=84-92
Unstable nucleus emits characteristic particles (radiation)
-particles (2p); - particle (e) and gamma rays ()
The fission process is one such decay or splitting of the unstable atom such as uranium.
№11 слайд![The Fission Process Occurs](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img10.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The Fission Process
Occurs only with nuclei of high Z (and mass)
Only 3 nuclides are fissionable by neutrons of all energies (slow/thermal; fast)
U-233, 235 and Pu-239, called fissile nuclides
Of these only U-235 occurs in nature. The other two are generated by neutron capture
Fission releases large amount of energy and creates a chain reaction.
№12 слайд![U- Fission product A Fission](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: U-235 Fission product A + Fission product B + Energy
U-235 Fission product A + Fission product B + Energy
92p +143n U235 + 235 x 7.6 Mev
92p + 143n A and B + 235 x 8.5 Mev
Subtracting the two B.E. expressions
U-235 fission products + 210 Mev
Thus fission of one U-235 nucleus releases 200 Mev energy compared to C(12) combustion releasing 4ev
Ergo, U-235 yields 2.5 million times more energy than same weight of carbon
[or, 1 lb of U-235 =1400 tons of 13,000 Btu/lb. coal]
№13 слайд![Radioactive Decay of Uranium](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img12.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radioactive Decay of Uranium
№14 слайд![V](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img13.jpg)
№15 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img14.jpg)
№16 слайд![Schematic Representation of](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Schematic Representation of Nuclear Reactor System
№17 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img16.jpg)
№18 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img17.jpg)
№19 слайд![Specifics of Light water](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img18.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Specifics of Light water reactors - LWR
Uranium oxide, enriched to 3-5% U-235
Moderator and coolant, purified ordinary water; heavy water; graphite.
Control rods: neutron absorbing-Cd, Hf, Boron
Steam generator and Containment
PWR – water coolant at 150 atm; heated to 325C superheated water generates steam in a second loop and operates a turbine
BWR – boils within the core at lower pressure; piped directly to turbine generator
LWR are re-fueled every 12-18 months, where 25% of the fuel is replaced
№20 слайд![New NPP for Armenia MWe](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img19.jpg)
Содержание слайда: New NPP for Armenia
1000MWe; $5billion
Metzamorenergatom, 50-50Russian-Armenian joint stock company; will fund 40%; 60% other investors
VVER-1000,model V-392; 60yr life
If 60yr life, retail price of 1 kWh < 7 cents.
Fuel type is UO2
№21 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img20.jpg)
№22 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img21.jpg)
№23 слайд![PWR animation](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PWR animation
№24 слайд![Three types of reactors for](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Three types of reactors
(for others see handout)
1. Light and Heavy Water Reactors
a. LWR/PWR
b. LWR/BWR
(Medzamor is a PWR-VVER 440 Model)
2. Propulsion Reactors (PWR family)
Naval vessels / submarines
3. Liquid metal Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR)
Produces more fuel than it consumes
(U-238 absorbs neutrons and converts it to PU-239)
Molten metal is the coolant liquid
№25 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img24.jpg)
№26 слайд![Fusion Merging of nuclei](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Fusion
Merging of nuclei =
Fusing nuclei together
№27 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img26.jpg)
№28 слайд![Controlled Fusion](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img27.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Controlled Fusion
№29 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img28.jpg)
№30 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img29.jpg)
№31 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img30.jpg)
№32 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img31.jpg)
№33 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img32.jpg)
№34 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img33.jpg)
№35 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img34.jpg)
№36 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img35.jpg)
№37 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img36.jpg)
№38 слайд![Magnetic confinement](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img37.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Magnetic confinement
№39 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img38.jpg)
№40 слайд![](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img39.jpg)
№41 слайд![Confinement Concepts](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img40.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Confinement Concepts
Equilibrium: There must be no net forces on any part of the plasma, otherwise it will rapidly disassemble. The exception, of course, is inertial confinement, where the relevant physics must occur faster than the disassembly time.
Stability: The plasma must be so constructed that small deviations are restored to the initial state, otherwise some unavoidable disturbance will occur and grow exponentially until the plasma is destroyed.
Transport: The loss of particles and heat in all channels must be sufficiently slow. The word “confinement” is often used in the restricted sense of “energy confinement”.
№42 слайд![ITER International](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img41.jpg)
Содержание слайда: ITER
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, and is also Latin for "the way")
Cadarache facility in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, south of France
№43 слайд![ITER](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img42.jpg)
№44 слайд![ITER](/documents_6/455a8d78ae5a3d7d1716152d71eea460/img43.jpg)