Презентация Sources of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Crude oil онлайн
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: 2.13
Sources of Alkanes and
Cycloalkanes
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: Cracking
Cracking
converts high molecular weight hydrocarbons
to more useful, low molecular weight ones
Reforming
increases branching of hydrocarbon chains
branched hydrocarbons have better burning
characteristics for automobile engines
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Boiling Points of Alkanes
governed by strength of intermolecular attractive forces
alkanes are nonpolar, so dipole-dipole and dipole-induced dipole forces are absent
only forces of intermolecular attraction are induced dipole-induced dipole forces
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
two nonpolar molecules
center of positive charge and center of negative charge coincide in each
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
movement of electrons creates an instantaneous dipole in one molecule (left)
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces a complementary dipole in other molecule (right)
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces a complementary dipole in other molecule (right)
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
the result is a small attractive force between the two molecules
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
the result is a small attractive force between the two molecules
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Boiling Points
increase with increasing number of carbons
more atoms, more electrons, more
opportunities for induced dipole-induced
dipole forces
decrease with chain branching
branched molecules are more compact with
smaller surface area—fewer points of contact
with other molecules
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Boiling Points
increase with increasing number of carbons
more atoms, more electrons, more
opportunities for induced dipole-induced
dipole forces
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Boiling Points
decrease with chain branching
branched molecules are more compact with
smaller surface area—fewer points of contact
with other molecules
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: All alkanes burn in air to give
carbon dioxide and water.
All alkanes burn in air to give
carbon dioxide and water.
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: Heats of Combustion
increase with increasing number of carbons
more moles of O2 consumed, more moles
of CO2 and H2O formed
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: Heats of Combustion
increase with increasing number of carbons
more moles of O2 consumed, more moles
of CO2 and H2O formed
decrease with chain branching
branched molecules are more stable
(have less potential energy) than their
unbranched isomers
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: Important Point
Isomers can differ in respect to their stability.
Equivalent statement:
Isomers differ in respect to their potential energy.
Differences in potential energy can be measured by
comparing heats of combustion.
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Figure 2.5
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Oxidation of carbon corresponds to an
increase in the number of bonds between
carbon and oxygen and/or a decrease
in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Oxidation of carbon corresponds to an
increase in the number of bonds between
carbon and oxygen and/or a decrease
in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: But most compounds contain several (or many)
carbons, and these can be in different oxidation
states.
But most compounds contain several (or many)
carbons, and these can be in different oxidation
states.
Working from the molecular formula gives
the average oxidation state.
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: Fortunately, we rarely need to calculate the
oxidation state of individual carbons in a molecule .
Fortunately, we rarely need to calculate the
oxidation state of individual carbons in a molecule .
We often have to decide whether a process
is an oxidation or a reduction.
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: Oxidation of carbon occurs when a bond between
carbon and an atom which is less electronegative
than carbon is replaced by a bond to an atom that
is more electronegative than carbon. The reverse
process is reduction.
Oxidation of carbon occurs when a bond between
carbon and an atom which is less electronegative
than carbon is replaced by a bond to an atom that
is more electronegative than carbon. The reverse
process is reduction.
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда:
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