Презентация Operating systems. (Chapter 10) онлайн
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: Chapter 10
Operating Systems
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: Chapter Goals
Describe the two main responsibilities of an operating system
Define memory and process management
Explain how timesharing creates the virtual machine illusion
Explain the relationship between logical and physical addresses
Compare and contrast memory management techniques
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Software Categories
Application software Software written to address specific needs—to solve problems in the real world
Word processing programs, games, inventory
control systems, automobile diagnostic programs,
and missile guidance programs are all application software
System software Software that manages a computer system at a fundamental level
It provides the tools and an environment in which application software can be created and run
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: Operating System
An operating system
manages computer resources, such as memory and input/output devices
provides an interface through which a human can interact with the computer
allows an application program to interact with these other system resources
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Operating System
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Operating System
The various roles of an operating system generally revolve around the idea of “sharing nicely”
An operating system manages resources, and these resources are often shared in one way or another among programs that want to use them
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Resource Management
Multiprogramming The technique of keeping multiple programs in main memory at the same time that compete for access to the CPU so that they can execute
Memory management The process of keeping track of what programs are in memory and where in memory they reside
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: Resource Management
Process A program in execution
The operating system performs process management to carefully track the progress of a process and all of its intermediate states
CPU scheduling determines which process in memory is executed by the CPU at any given point
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Batch Processing
A typical computer in the 1960s and ‘70s was a large machine
Its processing was managed by a human operator
The operator would organize various jobs from multiple users into batches
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Batch Processing
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Timesharing
Timesharing system A system that allows multiple users to interact with a computer at the same time
Multiprogramming A technique that allows multiple processes to be active at once, allowing programmers to interact with the computer system directly, while still sharing its resources
In a timesharing system, each user has his or her own virtual machine, in which all system resources are (in effect) available for use
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Other Factors
Real-time System A system in which response time is crucial given the nature of the application
Response time The time delay between receiving a stimulus and producing a response
Device driver A small program that “knows” the way a particular device expects to receive and deliver information.
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Memory Management
Operating systems must employ techniques to
Track where and how a program resides in memory
Convert logical addresses into actual addresses
Logical address (sometimes called a virtual or relative address) A value that specifies a generic location, relative to the program but not to the reality of main memory
Physical address An actual address in the main memory device
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Memory Management
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Single Contiguous Memory Management
There are only two programs in memory
The operating system
The application program
This approach is called single contiguous memory management
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: Single Contiguous Memory Management
A logical address is simply an integer value relative to the starting point of the program
To produce a physical address, we add a logical address to the starting address of the program in physical main memory
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: Single Contiguous Memory Management
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: Partition Memory Management
Fixed partitions Main memory is divided into a particular number of partitions
Dynamic partitions Partitions are created to fit the needs of the programs
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: Partition Memory Management
At any point in time memory is divided into a set of partitions, some empty and some allocated to programs
Base register A register that holds the beginning address of the current partition
Bounds register A register that holds the length of the current partition
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: Partition Selection Algorithms
Which partition should we allocate to a new program?
First fit Allocate program to the first partition big enough to hold it
Best fit Allocated program to the smallest partition big enough to hold it
Worst fit Allocate program to the largest partition big enough to hold it
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: Paged Memory Management
Paged memory technique A memory management technique in which processes are divided into fixed-size pages and stored in memory frames when loaded into memory
Frame A fixed-size portion of main memory that holds a process page
Page A fixed-size portion of a process that is stored into a memory frame
Page-map table (PMT) A table used by the operating system to keep track of page/frame relationships
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Paged Memory Management
To produce a physical address, you first look up the page in the PMT to find the frame number in which it is stored
Then multiply the frame number by the frame size and add the offset to get the physical address
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Paged Memory Management
Demand paging An important extension of paged memory management
Not all parts of a program actually have to be in memory at the same time
In demand paging, the pages are brought into memory on demand
Page swap The act of bringing in a page from secondary memory, which often causes another page to be written back to secondary memory
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда: Paged Memory Management
The demand paging approach gives rise to the idea of virtual memory, the illusion that there are no restrictions on the size of a program
Too much page swapping, however, is called thrashing and can seriously degrade system performance.
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда: Have A Good Night
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