Презентация Introduction to Macroeconomics онлайн
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- Всего слайдов:35 слайдов
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: Macroeconomics
Introduction to Macroeconomics
Zharova Liubov
Zharova_l@ua.fm
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: Intro
individual decision-making Microeconomics examines the behavior of units—business firms and households.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Aggregate behavior refers to the behavior of all households and firms together.
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Intro
When we study the consumption behaviour or equilibrium of a consumer; the production pattern & equilibrium of a firm, the entire analysis is ‘micro’ in nature……because
we study a UNIT and not the SYSTEM in which it is operating
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: Intro
Microeconomists generally conclude that markets work well.
Macroeconomists, however, observe that some important prices often seem “sticky”
Sticky prices are prices that do not always adjust rapidly to maintain the equality between quantity supplied and quantity demanded.
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Intro
Macroeconomists often reflect on the microeconomic principles underlying macroeconomic analysis, or the microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Roots of Macroeconomics
The Great Depression was a period of severe economic contraction and high unemployment that began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s.
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Roots of Macroeconomics
Classical economists applied microeconomic models, or “market clearing” models, to economy-wide problems.
However, simple classical models failed to explain the prolonged existence of high unemployment during the Great Depression. This provided the impetus for the development of macroeconomics
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Roots of Macroeconomics
In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.
Keynes believed governments could intervene in the economy and affect the level of output and employment.
During periods of low private demand, the government can stimulate aggregate demand to lift the economy out of recession.
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Recent Macroeconomic History
Fine-tuning was the phrase used by Walter Heller to refer to the government’s role in regulating inflation and unemployment.
The use of Keynesian policy to fine-tune the economy in the 1960s, led to disillusionment in the 1970s and early 1980s.
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Why to Study Macroeconomics?
Macroeconomics is the study of the nation’s economy as a whole.
We can use macroeconomic analysis to:
Understand why economies grow.
Understand economic fluctuations.
Make informed business decisions.
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Macroeconomic Concerns
Three of the major concerns of macroeconomics are:
Inflation
Output growth
Unemployment
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation and Deflation
Inflation is an increase in the overall price level.
Hyperinflation is a period of very rapid increases in the overall price level.
Hyperinflations are rare, but have been used to study the costs and consequences of even moderate inflation.
Deflation is a decrease in the overall price level. Prolonged periods of deflation can be just as damaging for the economy as sustained inflation.
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Output Growth:
Short Run and Long Run
The business cycle is the cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy.
The main measure of how an economy is doing is aggregate output:
Aggregate output is the total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: Ups and downs of the Business Cycle
Peak: at the peak of the business cycle, Real GDP is at a temporary high.
Contraction: A decline in the real GDP. If it falls for two consecutive quarters, it is said the economy to be in a recession.
Trough: The Low Point of the GDP, just before it begins to turn up.
Recovery: When the GDP is rising from the trough.
Expansion: when the real GDP expands beyond the recovery
Recession : two consecutive quarter declines in Real DP
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: Recent Macroeconomic History
Stagflation occurs when the overall price level rises rapidly (inflation) during periods of recession or high and persistent unemployment (stagnation).
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: Stagflation
Stagflation is a contraction of a nation’s output accompanied by inflation
Staglation is generally a “supply-side” phenomenon
A dramatic increase in oil prices caused the stagflation of the 1970s
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: Output Growth:
Short Run and Long Run
A recession is a period during which aggregate output declines. Two consecutive quarters of decrease in output signal a recession.
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: Unemployment
The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
The unemployment rate is a key indicator of the economy’s health.
The existence of unemployment seems to imply that the aggregate labor market is not in equilibrium.
Why do labor markets not clear when other markets do?
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: Unemployment
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Government in the Macroeconomy
There are three kinds of policy that the government has used to influence the macroeconomics:
Fiscal policy
Monetary policy
Growth or supply-side policies
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Government in the Macroeconomy
Fiscal policy refers to government policies concerning taxes and spending.
Monetary policy consists of tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the quantity of money in the economy.
Growth policies are government policies that focus on stimulating aggregate supply instead of aggregate demand.
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Components of the Macroeconomy
The circular flow diagram shows the income received and payments made by each sector of the economy.
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Components of the Macroeconomy
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Components of the Macroeconomy
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Components of the Macroeconomy
Transfer payments are payments made by the government to people who do not supply goods, services, or labor in exchange for these payments.
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Three Market Arenas
Households, firms, the government, and the rest of the world all interact in three different market arenas:
Goods-and-services market
Labor market
Money (financial) market
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Three Market Arenas
Households and the government purchase goods and services (demand) from firms in the goods-and services market, and firms supply to the goods and services market.
In the labor market, firms and government purchase (demand) labor from households (supply).
The total supply of labor in the economy depends on the sum of decisions made by households.
№30 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Three Market Arenas
In the money market – sometimes called the financial market – households purchase stocks and bonds from firms.
Households supply funds to this market in the expectation of earning income, and also demand (borrow) funds from this market.
Firms, government, and the rest of the world also engage in borrowing and lending, coordinated by financial institutions.
№31 слайд
Содержание слайда: Financial Instruments
Treasury bonds, notes, and bills are promissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money.
Corporate bonds are promissory notes issued by corporations when they borrow money
Shares of stock are financial instruments that give to the holder a share in the firm’s ownership and therefore the right to share in the firm’s profits.
Dividends are the portion of a corporation’s profits that the firm pays out each period to its shareholders.hen they borrow money.
№32 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Methodology of Macroeconomics
Connections to microeconomics:
Macroeconomic behavior is the sum of all the microeconomic decisions made by individual households and firms. We cannot understand the former without some knowledge of the factors that influence the latter.
№33 слайд
Содержание слайда: Aggregate Supply and
Aggregate Demand
Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy.
Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services in an economy.
Aggregate supply and demand curves are more complex than simple market supply and demand curves.
№34 слайд
Содержание слайда: Expansion and Contraction:
The Business Cycle
An expansion, or boom, is the period in the business cycle from a trough up to a peak, during which output and employment rise.
A contraction, recession, or slump is the period in the business cycle from a peak down to a trough, during which output and employment fall.
№35 слайд
Содержание слайда: Review Terms and Concepts
aggregate behavior
aggregate demand
aggregate output
aggregate supply
business cycle
circular flow
contraction, recession, or
slump
corporate bonds
deflation
depression
microeconomics
monetary policy
recession
shares of stock
stagflation
sticky prices
supply-side policies
transfer payments
Treasury bonds, notes, bills
unemployment rate
dividends
expansion or boom
fine tuning
fiscal policy
Great Depression
hyperinflation
inflation
macroeconomics
microeconomic
foundations of
macroeconomics
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