Презентация SCP case study: The American agriculture industry онлайн
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- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:50 слайдов
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№3 слайд
![Introduction High correlation](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Introduction
High correlation between the fraction of labor force engaged in agriculture and GDP per capita.
In poor nations, 50-80% work in agriculture
In rich countries, 2-4% work in agriculture
Unique organization: Farms are mostly family-owned, rather than publicly listed firms.
Farms typically operate as price takers.
Productivity growth in US agriculture has exceeded that in the rest of the economy
№7 слайд
![Structure Short-run supply is](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img6.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Structure
Short-run supply is inelastic, but easy entry makes long-term supply curves elastic
Rapid productivity growth → supply curves have shifted to the right
Demand growth has been limited by low population growth
As a consequence:
Real prices for agricultural commodities have been decreasing
Export markets have become increasingly important
With the rise of exports, farmers face additional risk: exchange-rate risk, foreign macroeconomic risks, etc.
№12 слайд
![Variation in profitability](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Variation in profitability
Considerable variation in profitability, many small farms remain profitable:
Risk variability (climate, natural disasters, price shocks)
Skill disparities
Product innovation by small farms → niche markets through marketing, special products (kiwi fruit, tofu-variety soybeans etc.) and/or special product attributes (free-range chicken, organic vegetables etc.)
№13 слайд
![Structure commodity markets](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img12.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Structure: commodity markets
Farmers are price takers in almost all commodity markets
The same is not true of buyers: processors, packers and retailers → monopsony power tendencies
Sources of monopsony power:
High nationwide concentration (e.g. packers of fed cattle CR4 = 80%)
High transport costs (e.g. fed cattle are shipped less than 160 km → regional monopsony even if there are several national buyers)
Perishability (e.g. livestock lose value when they are stored beyond their optimal weight → time-constrained search for better deals)
Specialization (e.g. a buyer’s demand causes a farm to plant a highly specific variety tailored to the buyer’s request → asset specificity)
Asymmetric information (buyers make hundreds of deals per day; sellers make a few deals per year)
№14 слайд
![Vertical linkages A large](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img13.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Vertical linkages
A large share of farmers rely on long-term contracts with a specific buyer, ranging from 10% for wheat to 91% for poultry and eggs
Long-term contracts are more common when farmers face perishability and transport cost problems (→ fewer potential buyers)
Prices may be set by the contract, and shift the risk price fluctuations
№16 слайд
![Conduct Farmer cooperatives](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Conduct: Farmer cooperatives
Farmers seek pricing power by organizing cooperatives → attainment of market power is difficult as entry costs are low.
Cooperatives have little market power over consumers, but are sometimes effective in countering the monopoly power suppliers and the monopsony of buyers.
Because farmers are price takers, they are allowed to sell through cooperatives, violating the Sherman Act.
Most cooperatives do not differentiate their products.
№18 слайд
![Performance Total factor](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img17.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Performance
Total factor productivity accounts for the quantity of all inputs that is used to produce a specific output
TFP growth per year in agriculture 1950-2004: 2.10%
TFP growth per year in private non-farm businesses 1950-2004: 1.15%
Because of high TPF growth in agriculture:
Nominal farm product price increase 1980-2005: 15%
Overall price increase 1980-2005: 122%
№19 слайд
![Sources of technological](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img18.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Sources of technological change/innovations in agriculture
Equipment: mechanical power replaced human/animal power; machines became faster and more reliable; IT allows better monitoring of production…
Chemicals: Chemical fertilizers replaced pesticides, herbicides and fungicides improved the control of weeds and diseases …
Genetics: Plant breeding research created higher-yielding plants with better survival traits; livestock and poultry genetics have caused increased meat yields per animal …
№20 слайд
![Sources of technological](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img19.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Sources of technological change/innovations in agriculture
Farmers rarely develop the innovations themselves. Most are developed by researchers in the nonprofit sector.
Early adopters of a technology derive only temporary benefits. Cost reductions increase supply, driving down prices.
№21 слайд
![Overall performance over time](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img20.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Overall performance over time
More efficient production over time.
Larger farms have tended to be more efficient → gradual increase in concentration, but farming is still relatively decentralized in the US
The real prices of most food products have decreased over time, which is partly due to process innovation in farming
№45 слайд
![Exam structure . hour Secton](/documents_6/2481b9547839807517611247c12ffcb9/img44.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Exam structure
1.5 hour
Secton A: Answer ONE question from TWO. Two essay questions
Section B: Answer ONE question from THREE. Two essay questions + one conceptual question
All questions carry equal marks.
Broad questions
Theoretical explanations
Empirical evidence to support your claims
Poor answers
No intuition provided for the theory
No empirical evidence or example
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