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- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:47 слайдов
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№3 слайд
![The World Economy](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The World Economy
“Globalization”
Means different things to different people
My definitions (see my online Glossary):
1. The increasing world-wide integration of markets for goods, services and capital.
2. Also the role of MNCs, IMF, WTO, World Bank.
3. Elsewhere: domination by United States.
Some see good, others bad
Bad: reading by powell
Good: reading by Bhagwati
№4 слайд
![The World Economy](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The World Economy
“Globalization”
Some aspects of globalization declined with the world recession of 2008
The Economist, on Nov 15, 2014, reported “Signs of Life”:
Globalization is back
Various measures of globalization (though not all) have risen past their previous peaks
The “depth” of trade (its volume) has increased
The “breadth” of trade (number of borders crossed) has not fully recovered
№16 слайд
![Who Trades the Most?](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Who Trades the Most?
Developed countries are the biggest traders
China is catching up, in trade volume
It was the #3 exporter six years ago when I taught the course; now it’s #2 and closing in on EU.
Others are gaining as well: Four years ago Canada was #5 exporter. Three years ago that was S Korea
№17 слайд
![Who Trades the Most? See](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Who Trades the Most?
See Economist from about a year ago: “Trading Up: Picking the world champion of trade”
China claimed to have surpassed US. True only for goods, not goods + services
But with time China will pass US in both
China’s trade per GDP is much larger than the US, but below world average
Much of the value in China’s exports is imported inputs, thus low “value added.”
№22 слайд
![North America, Europe, and](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img21.jpg)
Содержание слайда: North America, Europe, and Asia trade mostly within their group
North America, Europe, and Asia trade mostly within their group
Poorer regions – Latin America, Africa – trade mostly with the richer regions
This reflects what is not so clear in the table:
Rich countries trade most with each other
Poor countries trade most with rich countries
But their trade with each other is growing
№24 слайд
![What Does the World Trade?](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: What Does the World Trade?
Biggest traded category: manufactures
Fastest growing, then shrinking, then growing: “fuels & mining”
Why?
Because this is the value of trade, and prices of oil and other raw materials were rising, and then falling.
But within Manufactures, Iron & Steel is even more volatile:
№30 слайд
![Importance of Trade for](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img29.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Importance of Trade for Countries?
Even though we trade more than most, US trade is a smaller part of US GDP than for many other countries
Others that are low: Japan, Nepal (even lower than US)
Note Singapore: Exports can be more than GDP.
Reason: Exports are made using imported inputs, so value of exports includes imports.
№35 слайд
![The World Economy Ways that](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img34.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The World Economy
Ways that countries interact economically
Capital Flows
Financial (holdings of financial assets abroad)
Real (international ownership of real assets)
Real estate
Capital assets (plant and equipment)
Stocks (equities) if ownership share is large
Other
Data, below, are stocks (i.e, amounts at a point in time)
№37 слайд
![US Investment Position](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img36.jpg)
Содержание слайда: US Investment Position
(Qualification: “Owe” isn’t quite right. This includes all assets in the US owned by foreigners, including land, buildings, etc. Not just what we’ve borrowed.)
Lessons:
US is a large net “debtor” (result of our spending more than we earn)
Most of this today is government, but some is private
№43 слайд
![The World Economy Aside on](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img42.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The World Economy
Aside on Tariffs
We will be dealing a lot with these
See reading by Hufbauer and Grieco:
US tariffs are much lower than they used to be (average 4% now, vs. 40% in 1946)
US has gained a great deal from lowering tariffs
US still has much to gain from further lowering
But there are also severe costs for some people and firms who compete with imports
№44 слайд
![The World Economy Aside on](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img43.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The World Economy
Aside on Tariffs
Tariffs could go up:
WTO enforces only upper limits on tariffs
Actual tariffs in many countries are below these limits, and could legally rise
There was danger that the recent world recession would push countries to do that.
They didn’t – at least not much.
№46 слайд
![The World Economy Other ways](/documents_6/d467607afc6b4b26bb65dfcf81abfd47/img45.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The World Economy
Other ways that countries interact economically
Policies that affect other countries
Indirect
Subsidies (esp. agriculture)
US farm subsidies > foreign aid (see CGD reading)
Macro policies (monetary, fiscal)
Exchange-rate policies
Environmental policies
Standards
Labor
Health & safety
Norms
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