Презентация Democracy and its Forms. (Week 5) онлайн
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lecture notes for WEEK 5
What is democracy?
What kind of democracy?
Democratization and the democratic process
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy:
What is the best political arrangement?
Is it democracy?
… What is democracy…?
Is it only to have elections?
What does it take to have a real / “good” democracy?
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy:
What is democracy ?
from Greek demos (people)+ kratos (rule)
… we also need to distinguish the ancient and modern meanings of the term
for classical Greeks, it was a system/constitution in which demos (the poor part of the population) exercised power in their own interest as against the interest of the rich and aristocratic
for them it meant what we call now “direct democracy”
№4 слайд
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№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy
Various definitions:
Power of the poor;
Society of equal opportunities;
Social assistance to the poor;
Majority rule and minority rights;
Elections.
a. Lincoln: “government of people – from people – for people
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy:
representative vs. direct democracy
modern democracy is
representative democracy
= a system of government based on the election of decision-makers by the people
the former represent the latter
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy:
representative vs. direct democracy
direct democracy (DD)
in DD (or also "participatory democracy") all citizens may vote on every important governmental decision (as in the ancient Athens)
plebiscites, referenda are elements of DD
= similar to Aristotle’s “democracy” or “polity”
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy:
A general definition of modern (representative) democracy:
= a political system, based on political representation in which the opportunity to participate in election of political leaders is shared among all adult citizens
basic elements of modern democracy:
political competition of parties and individuals in elections
elections should be “fair & free”
political equality; universal adult suffrage
majority decision
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy:
Other elements of modern democracy:
multiparty system (=more than one effective party)
the free media (= no censorship)
freedom of speech and assembly (=people have the right to say their opinion and form their own organizations)
protection of human rights and minorities
modern democracy is representative & liberal
and requires the rule of law (= constitutionalism)
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy – evolution:
a history of modern democracy:
in the 2nd half of the 19th c., modern democratic process takes root in Europe
it is only after WWI when universal suffrage spreads to major E-an countries
in Germany in the 1930s, democracy turned into Nazi totalitarianism
= an evidence of weakness of democracy…
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy – evolution (optional):
the ‘third wave of democracy’ (Huntington)
started Spain and Portugal in 1970s
continuing after the ‘collapse of communism’
however, some problematic or semi-democratic regimes in some Eastern European and Central Asian countries (some of them are outright non-democratic)
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy (optional):
other useful terms:
deliberative democracy
this concept has recently been extensively explored…
democracy vs. ’polyarchy’ (=Western democratic system)
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy checklist– beyond formal democracy:
Summary: a good democracy should include at least:
rule of law / constitutionalism
free and fair elections
equality before the law
protection of minorities & of human rights
separation of powers (institutional checks and balances)
government responsiveness / accountability… (= no misuse /abuse of power, minimum corruption)
real political competition & multi-party political system
freedom of the press and other political freedoms
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy – seminar question (optional):
What about corruption & democracy?
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Seminar: Democracies vs. non-democracies:
Typology of modern political systems / regimes (simplified):
If not a democracy – so what?
democratic vs. partly-democratic vs. non-democratic systems
non-democratic systems:
authoritarian systems, dictatorships , totalitarian systems (tyrannies)
also, military regimes (Myanmar /Burma)
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: Democracy vs. totalitarianism:
What is a totalitarianism / totalitarian system /regime?
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: Seminar /self-study: totalitarian regimes:
№18 слайд
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№19 слайд
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№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: A Government of Total Control
Totalitarianism, Centralized State Control
Totalitarianism—government that dominates every aspect of life
Totalitarian leader often dynamic, persuasive
Police Terror
Government uses police to spy on, intimidate people, use brutal force or even murder people
Indoctrination
Government shapes people’s minds through education (use schools)
№21 слайд
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№22 слайд
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№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
Police State
Stalin’s kept tight control on the country
Created a secret police
police attack opponents with public force, secret actions
Great Purge—terror campaign against Stalin’s perceived enemies (real and imaginary)
Many were sent into exile or killed
№24 слайд
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№25 слайд
Содержание слайда: Self-study /seminar: Former “socialist” countries:
no real democracy – elections are not free (instead: “nomenclature” appointments for key positions) *)
no real market economy! - (most of) the “means of production” nationalized & run by the state; = ‘centrally-planned’ economy)
no independent political parties
censorship; the regime & its leaders were not alloowed to be criticized
excesses of Stalinism + totalitarianism ended in the 1950s
but in some countries ‘neo-Stalinism’ occurred, with semi-totalitarian features
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: Daily Life Under Stalin
Positive Effects
Gains at Great Cost
People better educated, gain new skills
Limited personal freedoms; few consumer goods
Women Gain Rights
Communists say women are equal to men
Women forced to join labor force; state provides child care
Many women receive advanced educations, become professionals
Women suffer from demands of work, family
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: Total Control Achieved
Powerful Ruler
By mid-1930s, Stalin has transformed Soviet Union
- totalitarian regime; industrial, political power
*Stalin controls all aspects of Soviet life:
unopposed as dictator, Communist Party leader
rules by terror instead of constitutional government
demands conformity, obedience
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: Authoritarianism:
• Less extreme than totalitarianism (Linz 1970):
- Limited political pluralism
- Absence of a regime-guiding ideology
- Absence of political mass-mobilization
- Limited political leadership
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда: Authoritarianism
Exercising control:
• Monitoring and/or enforcing political loyalty
• Typical for military rule:
- Giving policing and judicial powers upon military
• Typical for one party rule:
- Party’s Politburo as de facto government
- Extensive membership used to monitor and enforce policy
№30 слайд
Содержание слайда: Authoritarianism
Policies:
• Authoritarian regimes tend to implement more diverse and extreme policies than democracies
- Genocide by the Nazis
- Great Leap Forward by Mao
- Generally a higher level of intervention in economy and society
№31 слайд
Содержание слайда: Seminar: Former “socialist” countries:
№32 слайд
Содержание слайда: Seminar – Democracy (optional):
Is Kazakhstan a democracy?
It really depends which criteria we apply…
Most experts accept that KZ political system includes elements of representative democracy
but the system is young, not yet fully developed
some standard features of democracy are lacking… *
№33 слайд
Содержание слайда: Seminar – Democracy (optional):
“Corruption threatens development of our state, its economic growth, and political stability. We will conduct the most rigid and resolute struggle against it."
N. Nazarbayev
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