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- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:53 слайда
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
- Размер файла:4.50 MB
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№2 слайд
![Basic Radiation Theory and](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img1.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Basic Radiation Theory and Fundamentals
Basic Radiation Theory and Fundamentals
Sources of Ionizing Radiation
Biological Effects and Risks of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
Radiation Protection Standards
Controlling Radiation Dose
Radiation Monitoring
Responsibilities for Radiation Protection
Emergency Response
Radiation Safety Training Exam
№4 слайд
![Nucleus Contains Protons](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Nucleus: Contains Protons (+1 charge)
and Neutrons (no charge)
Nuclear Diameter ~ 10-15 m
Electrons: orbit the nucleus (-1 charge)
Atomic Diameter ~ 10-10 m
More than 99.9% of the atomic mass and
all the positive charge are in the nucleus !
Atomic vs. Nuclear Dimensions !
№6 слайд
![Absorbed The rad radiation](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Absorbed The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is the energy deposited per unit mass by
Dose ionizing radiation in a material. One rad equals 100 ergs per gram.
The SI unit of absorbed dose is the Gray. 1 Gy = 1 Joule/kg = 100 rad
Dose Takes into account the biological effectiveness, or quality, of different types of
Equivalent radiation. Dose Equivalent, measured in rems or Sieverts, is equal to the absorbed dose times a quality factor (Q).
Equivalent Takes into account the different probability of effects that occur with the same
Dose absorbed dose delivered by radiations with different weighting factors (WR).
The SI unit of Equivalent dose is the Sievert. 1 Sv = 100 rem
Exposure The unit of radiation exposure in air is the Roentgen (R). It is defined as that quantity of x-rays causing ionization in air equal to 2.58 x 10-4 coulombs per kilogram (C/kg).
Air Kerma Kinetic Energy Released per unit Mass of a small volume of air when it is irradiated by an x-ray beam. Kerma is measured in Gy.
№8 слайд
![Radioactivity The spontaneous](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img7.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radioactivity: The spontaneous decomposition or disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei is termed radioactivity. The energy and particles which are emitted during the decomposition /decay process are called radiation.
Units of Measure: Becquerel (1 disintegration per second)
Curie (3.7 x 1010 decays per second)
Contamination: Simply put, contamination is radioactivity where it is not wanted or controlled.
Units of Measure: Becquerels per liter (Bq/L) - if gas or liquid
Bq/cm2 or µCi/m2 - if on a surface
Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in the nucleus.
Mass Number (A): Number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus.
Isotopes: Chemical elements with the same Z number .
№12 слайд
![Common Sources of Ionizing](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Common Sources of Ionizing Radiation
Common Sources of Ionizing Radiation
Sources of Background Radiation Exposure
Natural Background
Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Manufactured/Industrial Sources
Sources of Occupational Radiation Exposure
Radiation Hazards in the Workplace
№16 слайд
![Biological Response to](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Biological Response to Ionizing Radiation – Key Terms
Biological Response to Ionizing Radiation – Key Terms
Somatic, Stochastic, Deterministic, Heritable
Radiation Biology – Mechanisms & Effects
Factors Affecting Biological Response
Total Dose, Dose Rate, Radiation Type & Energy
Area of the Body Irradiated, Cell Sensitivity, Individual Sensitivity
Radiation Risks
Quantifying Risks
The acceptability of Risks
№17 слайд
![Radiation Biology Key Terms](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radiation Biology – Key Terms
Somatic Effects: biological effects that occur on the exposed individual
Deterministic Effects: definite threshold;
the severity of effect increases with dose
(Examples: cataracts; erythema; infertility)
Stochastic Effects: probabilistic in nature; existence of a threshold not clear; probability of occurrence increases with dose
(Examples: cancer – DNA is the target of concern)
Heritable Effects: a physical mutation or trait that is passed on to offspring; these have never been observed in humans but are believed to be possible.
№19 слайд
![Radiation Biology Mechanisms](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img18.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radiation Biology – Mechanisms
DNA is the Target of Concern
(Deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms)
Direct and Indirect Effects
DNA strand breaks (Direct Effect)
Water molecule dislocation (Indirect Effect)
Reactive species formation (Indirect Effect)
Radiation Causes Ionization and Excitation in Water
(H+ OH- H20+ H20- H20* e- H202)
№21 слайд
![Radiation Biology Factors](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img20.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radiation Biology – Factors Affecting Biological Response
Total Dose Received & Dose Rate
Greater total dose and dose rates generally equate to more damage
Type and Energy of Radiation
Alpha particles are more damaging than X-Rays
Higher energy = greater effect
Area of Body Irradiated
Effects increase with area irradiated
Cell Sensitivity
Rapidly dividing cells and cells that have a long dividing future tend to be more sensitive
Individual Sensitivity
Each person responds differently
№23 слайд
![Radiation Risk Radiation](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radiation Risk
Radiation Exposure Is Assumed to Increase Cancer Risk
Approximately 35 – 45% of all people will develop cancer in their lifetime – aside from radiation exposure.
Approximately 20% of all people will develop a fatal cancer in their lifetime – aside from radiation exposure.
If 10,000 people all received 1,000 mrem, (1 rem), (10 mSv) of radiation exposure, we would expect 5 or 6 to die from radiation related cancer and 2,000 to die from all other cancer sources.
Risk of developing a fatal cancer from radiation exposure:
5.5 x 10-4 per rem or 5.5 x 10-2 per Sv
№25 слайд
![The Principles of](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img24.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The Principles of Radiological Protection
The Principles of Radiological Protection
Epidemiological Studies
Dose Response Models
National / International Recommendations & Laws
Occupational Limits
Facility Control Levels
Protection of the Embryo/Fetus
Protection of the General Public (100 mrem; 1 mSv)
№26 слайд
![Justification No practice](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Justification – No practice shall be adopted unless its introduction produces a net positive benefit. This is a societal decision.
Optimization – All exposures shall be kept ALARA, economic and social factors being taken into account.
Limitation – Individual exposures shall not exceed the limits.
№27 слайд
![Epidemiology the study of](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img26.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Epidemiology – the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
Epidemiology – the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
UNSCEAR - United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
Sources of Human Population Radiation Epidemiological Data
Atomic Bomb Survivors
Radiotherapy Patients
Occupational
Radium Dial Painters, Miners (Radon Exposure), Radiologists, Nuclear Workers
Environment
Chernobyl Accident, Weapons Test Fallout, Natural Background
№29 слайд
![Epidemiological studies are](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img28.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Epidemiological studies are performed and presented
Epidemiological studies are performed and presented
UNSCEAR
World Health Organization
National and International agencies make recommendations
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
National Council on Radiological Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
Country, State and Local Laws
Exposure Limits and Guidance Documents
№31 слайд
![Unrestricted Area Any area](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img30.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Unrestricted Area – Any area that is not controlled for the purposes of radiation safety (offices, break rooms, meeting rooms, non-production, non-test areas)
Unrestricted Area – Any area that is not controlled for the purposes of radiation safety (offices, break rooms, meeting rooms, non-production, non-test areas)
Controlled Areas – Access is controlled for radiation protection purposes (includes areas adjacent to mega voltage enclosures)
Restricted Areas – Access is prevented or limited for the purpose of protecting individuals from undue risks from radiation exposure (includes inside test cells / bunkers when radiation is being generated
№32 слайд
![The developing embryo fetus,](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img31.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The developing embryo/fetus, with rapidly dividing cells, is sensitive to many environmental factors including ionizing radiation.
The developing embryo/fetus, with rapidly dividing cells, is sensitive to many environmental factors including ionizing radiation.
The embryo/fetus is most susceptible to developing adverse health effects if exposed during the time period 8-15 weeks after conception.
Declaration of Pregnancy
Additional safety precautions are available to declared pregnant workers
The declaration must be submitted (in writing) to the RSO
Detailed training material and information will be made available
A historical dose assessment and job analysis will be performed
Temporary changes to job duties will be considered
A fetal dosimeter will be issued
№33 слайд
![Member of the Public means an](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img32.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Member of the Public: means an individual who is not a radiation worker, has not received radiation safety training and who is not monitored for occupational exposure
Member of the Public: means an individual who is not a radiation worker, has not received radiation safety training and who is not monitored for occupational exposure
The strict exposure limit to a member of the public is:
100 mrem/yr (1 mSv/yr)
Members of the public are not allowed unescorted access to test cell or bunker areas.
№36 слайд
![ALARA is an acronym for As](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img35.jpg)
Содержание слайда: ALARA is an acronym for As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Since it is assumed that any radiation exposure involves some risk, doses shall be maintained as far below the regulatory limits as is practical. To keep doses ALARA, the three most commonly used techniques are: time, distance and shielding.
Time – whenever practical, minimize the time spent near sources of radiation and minimize the output from RGMs.
Distance – to the extent practical, maximize the distance between personnel and radiation sources.
Shielding – incorporate attenuating barriers between radiation sources and personnel whenever practical.
№43 слайд
![Operators must physically](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img42.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Operators must physically enter the test cell, bunker or shielded enclosure to ensure no persons are within the enclosure and it is safe in all respects to generate radiation.
Operators must physically enter the test cell, bunker or shielded enclosure to ensure no persons are within the enclosure and it is safe in all respects to generate radiation.
Once the test cell is cleared and the door closed, access must be continually monitored, otherwise the cell must be re-cleared prior to the next Beam-On.
Personnel who need access to an enclosure must get permission from the operator prior to entry.
It is absolutely forbidden to generate radiation while persons are within an Accuray shielded enclosure.
It is prohibited to enter a cell in which a radiation device is in use.
№45 слайд
![Dosimetry Use is a](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img44.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Dosimetry Use is a Requirement for all Radiation Workers
Dosimetry Use is a Requirement for all Radiation Workers
Basic Dosimetry Use Guidelines Include:
Keep away from non-occupational radiation sources such as:
Airport checked luggage scans
Medical and dental imaging
Prevent the dosimeter from receiving excessive exposure to heat, sunlight or moisture
Promptly exchange at regular intervals (usually every three months)
Notify radiation safety personnel when a dosimeter is lost, damaged or accidentally exposed
№47 слайд
![Radiation Leakage Surveys and](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img46.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Radiation Leakage Surveys and Area Monitoring
Radiation Leakage Surveys and Area Monitoring
Gas Filled Detectors –Ionization Chambers
Benefits – rugged, inexpensive, appropriate for Accuray environment except primary beam measurements
Potential Problems - recombination, dead time, pile up, RF & magnetic field interference
№48 слайд
![Briefly inspect the](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img47.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Briefly inspect the instrument for physical damage or excessive wear.
Briefly inspect the instrument for physical damage or excessive wear.
Ensure the instrument has been recently calibrated.
Power on the instrument and perform a battery check.
Note the natural background radiation level and fluctuations in instrument response.
Always lead with the detector, maximizing your distance from radiation sources.
Think ALARA and caution is warranted as exposure rates approach or exceed: 10 mR/hr; 100 µSv/hr
№49 слайд
![Management Responsibilities](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img48.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Management Responsibilities
Management Responsibilities
Promote a positive radiation safety culture and ensure adequate resources exist to develop/maintain a robust radiation safety program
Radiation Safety Organization Responsibilities
Ensure protection of persons, the environment and property
Ensure regulatory compliance and advise on technical issues
Individuals’ Responsibilities
Adhere to all radiation worker requirements, postings, and controls
Demonstrate responsibility and accountability through an informed, disciplined and cautious attitude toward radiation
Individuals’ Rights
Stay informed of all risks and associated controls prior to performing radiation work duties
Have access to personal dose records
№50 слайд
![Limit the radiation dose to](/documents_6/589205f5caa81d9a21083375fbb3c19e/img49.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Limit the radiation dose to involved persons … the first action during any emergency is to turn off the machine.
Limit the radiation dose to involved persons … the first action during any emergency is to turn off the machine.
If radioactive materials are involved, limit the spread of contamination.
Seek assistance from experienced radiation safety professionals. Contact the Accuray RSO and local Radiation Safety Personnel.
Evacuate the immediate area of the incident.
Control entry to the scene of the accident.
Indentify and isolate persons who may have received significant radiation exposures.
Record all details of the event chronologically.
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