Презентация Types of Data – (continued). Week 2 (2) онлайн
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: BBA182 Applied Statistics
Week 2 (2) Types of Data – (continued)
Dr Susanne Hansen Saral
Email: susanne.saral@okan.edu.tr
https://piazza.com/class/ixrj5mmox1u2t8?cid=4#
www.khanacademy.org
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: NEW IN CLASS?
Send me an email to the following address:
susanne.saral@okan.edu.tr
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Activation of piazza.com account
Enter your first and last name
Select : Undergraduate
Select : Economy
Select : Class 1 and add BBA 182 and click “join the class”
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: Organizing categorical data
Categorical data produce values that are names, words or codes, but not real numbers.
Only calculations based on the frequency of occurrence of these names, words or codes are valid.
We count the number of times a certain value occurs and add the frequency in the table.
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Frequency and relative frequency - Distribution Table
Summarizing categorical data
A frequency table organizes data by recording totals and category names.
The variable we measure here is the number of times a country became world champion in football:
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Contingency table
another type of frequency table
Contingency tables list the number of observations for every combination of values for two categorical variables
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Contingency table
A larger retailer of electronics conducted a survey to determine consumer preferences for
various brands of digital cameras. The table summarizes responses by brand and gender:
Each cell in a contingency table (any intersection of a row and column of the table) gives the count
for a combination of values of two categorical variables
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: Three Rules of Data Analysis
Rule 1, 2 and 3: Make a picture of the data
Pictures….
Reveal things that cannot be seen in a frequency table
Show important patterns in the data
Provide an excellent way for presenting findings to other people
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Bar Chart – Hospital patients
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Pie Chart – Hospital patients
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Bar-chart
Number of visits to OKAN University website
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Pie-chart
Number of visits to OKAN University website
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Graphing
Multivariate Categorical Data
Multivariate= more than one variable
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Graphing
Multivariate Categorical Data
Side by side horizontal bar chart
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: Graphing
Multivariate Categorical Data
Stacked bar chart
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: Class exercise
The following raw data show responses to the question “What is your primary source for news?”
from a sample of college students:
Internet Newspaper Internet TV Internet Newspaper TV Internet Internet TV
Newspaper TV TV Newspaper TV Internet Internet Internet Internet Internet
TV Internet Internet TV TV
a. Prepare a frequency table for these data. How many students were sampled?
b. Prepare a relative frequency table for these data.
c. Based on the frequencies, construct a bar chart manually.
d. What is the variable we are measuring?
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: Class exercise
A cable company surveyed its customers and asked how likely they were to bundle other services, such as phone and Internet, with their cable TV subscription. The following raw data show the responses:
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: Week 2 (2) How to organize and illustrate numerical data
Dr Susanne Hansen Saral
Email: susanne.saral@okan.edu.tr or
susannehansensaral@gmail.com
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: Classification of Variables
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: Tables and Graphs to Describe
Numerical Variables
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985 – 2001 (then went bankrupt):
Company grew steadily over the 15 years
Stock price in 1985 $ 5/share. By the end of 2000 it was $ 89.75
At the end of 2000 the company was worth $ 6 billion
At the end of 2001 the stock had fallen to $ 0.25! The company had lost 99% of it’s value
Were there any warning signs in the data?
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985 – 2001:
Were there any warning signs in the data?
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда: Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985 – 2001:
Were there any warning signs about the fall of the stock price in the data?
Hard to tell from the raw data
Let’s follow the first rule of data analysis and make a picture of the data
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: Enron Corporation – frequency distribution
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: Why Use Frequency Distributions and graphs
for numerical data?
A frequency distribution is a way to summarize numerical data
It condenses the raw data into ranges/intervals
and allows for a quick visual interpretation of the data – a PICTURE
The picture of numerical/quantitative data is called a histogram
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда: Frequency Distributions
What is a Frequency Distribution for numerical data?
A frequency distribution is a table
containing ranges/intervals within which the data fall
and the corresponding frequencies with which data fall within each class
or category
№30 слайд
Содержание слайда: Frequency Distributions for numerical data
Intervals for numerical data are not as easy to identify as for categorical data.
Determining the intervals of a frequency table for numerical data requires answers to the following questions:
How many intervals should be used?
How wide should each interval be?
№31 слайд
Содержание слайда: Raw data
(sample of 110 employees in a production plant)
Completion Times of a particular task (in seconds) for 110 employees
271 236 294 252 254 263 266 222 262 278 288
262 237 247 282 224 263 267 254 271 278 263
262 288 247 252 264 263 247 225 281 279 238
252 242 248 263 255 294 268 255 272 271 291
263 242 288 252 226 263 269 227 273 281 267
263 244 249 252 256 263 252 261 245 252 294
288 245 251 269 256 264 252 232 275 284 252
263 274 252 252 256 254 269 234 285 275 263
263 246 294 252 231 265 269 235 275 288 294
263 247 252 269 261 266 269 236 276 248 299
№32 слайд
Содержание слайда: How to determine the number of intervals/classes
A quick guide
Sample size Number of intervals
Fewer than 50 5 - 7
50 to 100 7 - 8
101 to 500 8 - 10
501 to 1,000 10 - 11
1,001 to 5,000 11 - 14
More than 5,000 14 - 20
Use at least 5 intervals but no more than 15-20 otherwise we loose the overview of the data
№33 слайд
Содержание слайда: How to determine the interval width
Each class/interval grouping has to have the same width
Determine the width of each interval by
№34 слайд
Содержание слайда: Employee completion time
110 employees’ time have been recorded and the plant supervisor needs to report to his manager how long on average his employees finish the job.
We have 110 values ranging from 222 seconds to 299
We need to determine the number of intervals:
№35 слайд
Содержание слайда: Employee completion time
Determine width of interval:
Interval width =
Interval width = = 9.6 - rounded up to 10
Interval width = 10
№36 слайд
Содержание слайда: Employee completion time
Completion time (in seconds) Frequency Relative frequency %
220 – 229 5 4.5
230 – 239 8 7.3
240 – 249 13 11.8
250 – 259 22 20.0
260 – 269 32 29.1
270 – 279 13 11.8
280 – 289 10 9.1
290 – 300 7 6.4
Total 110 100 %
№37 слайд
Содержание слайда: Histogram of employee completion times
Absolute frequency
№38 слайд
Содержание слайда: Histogram of employee completion times
Relative frequency
same graph as absolute frequency
№39 слайд
Содержание слайда: Employee completion time
Cumulative frequency
№40 слайд
Содержание слайда: Histogram – Absolute frequency
Enron: Change in stock price
№41 слайд
Содержание слайда: Histogram – Relative frequency
Enron: Change in stock price
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