Презентация Lecture 11 PV1. Solar Photovoltaics, AUA Solar System онлайн
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№1 слайд![Solar Photovoltaics, AUA](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img0.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Solar Photovoltaics, AUA Solar System
IE350
№2 слайд![Photovoltaics - PV Photo](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img1.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Photovoltaics - PV
Photo Voltaic effect – phenomenon, when light energy directly converts into electricity.
First was detected in 1839 by French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.
A quintessential source of energy – operation is absolutely clean environmentally, no moving parts.
However its production process is not perfect, but overall PV performs environmentally much better than any other source.
№3 слайд![Trend PV capacity growth EPIA](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Trend: PV capacity growth EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association - forecast 2014-2018
№4 слайд![Photovoltaics Principles](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Photovoltaics: Principles
Introduction - Quantum mechanics
Physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion
Efficiency, degradation, price
Various realizations:
- flat panel
- concentrator
- tracking/non-tracking
Materials: Si, Thin film
№5 слайд![Popular Quantum Mechanics](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img4.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Popular Quantum Mechanics
Interference of Particles.
Bohr’s model of atom.
Energy states in a crystal.
Metals, semiconductors, insulators.
P-N-Junction
PV modules
PV system components.
№6 слайд![Electromagnetic EM radiation](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Electromagnetic (EM) radiation
№7 слайд![Dualism of EM radiation EM](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img6.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Dualism of EM radiation
EM radiation exhibits both wave behavior and particle behavior
№8 слайд![Double slit experiment LIGHT](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img7.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Double slit experiment
LIGHT
№9 слайд![Double slit experiment](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img8.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Double slit experiment
Electrons
№10 слайд![Bohr s model of atom.](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img9.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Bohr’s model of atom.
№11 слайд![Electron can change its](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img10.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Electron can change its “orbital” by receiving or releasing a photon or thermal energy.
№12 слайд![Absorption only happen if the](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Absorption only happen if the photon energy match the atom’s energy discrete values! Emission generates a photon with strictly discrete value.
№13 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img12.jpg)
№14 слайд![Atom Energy Levels Isolated](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img13.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Atom Energy Levels
Isolated atom’s energy levels correspond to the orbitals
The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle that states that two or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin - electrons in our case) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.
№15 слайд![A system of two atoms N](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img14.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A system of two atoms
N=2
Energy levels are split into two levels
№16 слайд![N atom system](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: N – atom system
№17 слайд![Solid body crystalline lattice](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Solid body – crystalline lattice:
№18 слайд![When N gt gt , e.g. in solid](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img17.jpg)
Содержание слайда: When N >>, e.g. in solid bodies,
1023 atom per cm3.
№19 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img18.jpg)
№20 слайд![Electronic Energy Bands In](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img19.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Electronic Energy Bands
In solids the atomic energy levels turn into bands
№21 слайд![Metal vs. Semiconductor, vs.](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img20.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Metal vs. Semiconductor, vs. Insulator
№22 слайд![At non-zero temperatures,](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img21.jpg)
Содержание слайда: At non-zero temperatures,
№23 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img22.jpg)
№24 слайд![Silicon crystal structure](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Silicon crystal structure
№25 слайд![P-N-Junction P-N-Junctions](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img24.jpg)
Содержание слайда: P-N-Junction
P-N-Junctions have the ability to form built in electric field in the space charge region.
№26 слайд![PV power generation](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV power generation
№27 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img26.jpg)
№28 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img27.jpg)
№29 слайд![Now, what will happen if a](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img28.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Now,
what will happen if a semicon-ductor structure’s p-n-junction is bombar-ded with photons?
№30 слайд![P-N-Junction The interface of](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img29.jpg)
Содержание слайда: P-N-Junction
The interface of the p-doped and n-doped semiconductors is called P-N-Junction
P-N-Junction in fact is a diode
P-N-Junction has a built in electric field, without spending any electric power
P-N-Junction electric field separates the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and creates external voltage and current.
№31 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img30.jpg)
№32 слайд![Summary of physical](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img31.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Summary of physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion
№33 слайд![P-N-Junction](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img32.jpg)
Содержание слайда: P-N-Junction
№34 слайд![PV power generation](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img33.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV power generation
№35 слайд![Light emission diode LED LED](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img34.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Light emission diode = LED
LED performs the opposite function – converts electric power into visible light.
Conversion is performed due to recombinative radiation
№36 слайд![Sensitivity Spectrum Why PV](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img35.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Sensitivity Spectrum
Why PV cells are sensitive to light spectrum?
What will happen if a photon, with energy of h ≤ Eg will hit the semiconductor?
Semiconductor will be transparent to this radiation.
№37 слайд![Sensitivity Spectrum via](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img36.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Sensitivity Spectrum – via wavelength or equivalent via photon energy
№38 слайд![Summary of physical](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img37.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Summary of physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion
№39 слайд![Summary of physical](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img38.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Summary of physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion
№40 слайд![Factors Influencing](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img39.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Factors Influencing Efficiency
Semiconductor related
Percentage of spectral overlapping
Quantum efficiency, Absorption depth vs. p-n-junction depth and thickness
Recombination of electrons and holes in the bulk of Si:
diffusion length L or lifetime .
The reverse current in the p-n-junction, because of recombination
№41 слайд![Percentage of spectral](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img40.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Percentage of spectral overlapping
№42 слайд![Spectrum vs. Energy](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img41.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Spectrum vs. Energy
№43 слайд![Absorption depth vs.](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img42.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Absorption depth vs. p-n-junction depth and thickness
№44 слайд![Recombination of electrons](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img43.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Recombination of electrons and holes
№45 слайд![The reverse current in the](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img44.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The reverse current in the p-n-junction – defects inside SCR that enhance recombination, i.e. loss of electron-hole pairs.
№46 слайд![Shockley-Queisser Limit](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img45.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Shockley-Queisser Limit
№47 слайд![Factors Influencing](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img46.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Factors Influencing Efficiency
Factors outside the semiconductor
Surface reflectance
Shading by collecting electrode, effective surface. Optical Fill Factor (OFF).
Unbalanced load – non-maximal power point. Electrical Fill Factor (EFF).
№48 слайд![Surface reflectance By the](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img47.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Surface reflectance
By the semiconductor surface
By the weather encapsulation
By the low-iron, tempered glass
Anty-reflective coatings decrease the reflectance but are expensive.
№49 слайд![Optical Fill Factor OFF The](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img48.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Optical Fill Factor (OFF)
The area that is open for the radiation
Shading by collecting electrode
Effective surface of the module
Distance between modules
Distance between rows in the solar field
The solar system total area
№50 слайд![Electrical Fill Factor EFF is](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img49.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Electrical Fill Factor (EFF) is the Preal/(IscVoc),
Isc = short circuit current,
Voc = open circuit voltage
№51 слайд![Max Power Point](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img50.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Max Power Point
№52 слайд![Organic PV cell test, AUA](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img51.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Organic PV cell test, AUA
№53 слайд![Types of Solar Converters](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img52.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Types of Solar Converters
Crystalline Silicon: Single-crystal (c-Si) – eff 22%
Crystalline Silicon: Multi-crystalline
(mc-Si) or Poly-crystalline Si (poly-Si) – eff 17%
Amorphous Silicon (Si-A) – eff 9%, degradation.
All Si technologies make 86% of the market.
Thin Film:
CdTe is easier to deposit and more suitable for large-scale production. Eff = ususally 6%-10%, up to 15.8% in experiments.
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) are multi-layered thin-film heterojunction composites. 19.5% Potentially up to around 30%, could be put on polyamide base.
Multijunction stacks - Gallium arsenide (GaAs),
eff = 47%!!!
- space applications. Albeit extremely expensive,
- thus uses in the concentrated PV
№54 слайд![PV cell materials in the](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img53.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV cell materials in the market
Market share percentage of PV cell technologies installed in Malaysia until the end of December 2010
Production by country, 2012
№55 слайд![PV cell materials in the](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img54.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV cell materials in the market
Market share percentage of PV cell technologies installed in Malaysia until the end of December 2010
Production by country, 2012
№56 слайд![Efficiency In the first](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img55.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Efficiency
In 1884 the first Selenium Solar cell had 1% efficiency.
The theoretical maximum is 64% for stacked PV structures!
The real, economically productive values are 16% - 24%.
№57 слайд![Stacked multi junction solar](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img56.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Stacked multi junction solar cells
№58 слайд![Stacked multi junction MJ](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img57.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Stacked multi junction – MJ – solar cells
№59 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img58.jpg)
№60 слайд![Components of the PV System](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img59.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Components of the PV System
Photovoltaic (PV) panels
Battery Bank
Charge controllers
Invertors
Load
№61 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img60.jpg)
№62 слайд![PV System calculation](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img61.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV System calculation approach for net metering case
Find out from your monthly bills your total annual kWh-s of consumption - Ee.
Find out your local monitoring data – amount of global horizontal (GH) kWh-s (Em). At tilted angle (30⁰ for Yerevan) you can have more than 20% advantage, reaching 1800 kWh/m2 annually. However due to shading or other losses – you will need to make an assessment – you can take for Em e.g. 1500 kWh/m2 for calculation.
Remember that since @ 100% efficiency your modules 1 m2 corresponds to 1 kW of rated power, the Ee/Em = PS your needed system power capacity. E.g. @ Ee= 3000; Em e.g.= 1500 kWh/m2 annually, PS = 2 kW. Here 1500 kWh/m2 is replaced by 1500 kWh/kW.
Homework: calculated the price of your system, look at previous slide.
№63 слайд![Types of Solar Converters](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img62.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Types of Solar Converters
Photoelectrochemical cells – now up to eff of 10% in experiments.
Polymer solar cells = 4-5%
nanocrystal Si (nc-Si) solar cells, quantum dot technology
№64 слайд![Concentration PV Photovoltaic](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img63.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Concentration PV
Photovoltaic concentrators have the added benefit of an increase in efficiency due to the nature of solar cells. Commercial solar cells operate with an efficiency of around 15% in standard sunlight, however when the sunlight is concentrated the efficiency can go above 21%.
Concentrators reduce the cost. Solar cell are fairly expensive, however mirror and optics are much cheaper. So a small solar cell concentrated can produce more energy with mirrors or optics than the equivalent area with a larger solar array.
№65 слайд![Multi-junction Solar cells](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img64.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Multi-junction Solar cells
under illumination of at least 400 suns, MJ solar panels become practical
№66 слайд![Amonix concentration systems](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img65.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Amonix concentration systems
№67 слайд![BIPV](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img66.jpg)
№68 слайд![BIPV Similarly, if it is](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img67.jpg)
Содержание слайда: BIPV
Similarly, if it is possible to use part of the windows or glazing of the construction to integrate PV cells inside, one can avoid paying for the PV modules’ glazing the second time, as well as economize on the support structure.
At the same time the Integrated PV is an innovative, aesthetically interesting element that can be a part of the architectural idea - recently popular PV module placement location is the south facing portions of the building envelop, perfectly helping to address both economizing dimensions of the integrated PV.
№69 слайд![Efficiency In the first](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img68.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Efficiency
In 1884 the first Selenium Solar cell had 1% efficiency.
The theoretical maximum is 64% for stacked PV structures!
The real, economically productive values are 16% - 24%.
№70 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img69.jpg)
№71 слайд![vs](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img70.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2009 vs 2003
№72 слайд![November,](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img71.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 03 November, 2011
№73 слайд![November,](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img72.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 20 November, 2012
№74 слайд![November](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img73.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 11 November 2013
№75 слайд![November](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img74.jpg)
Содержание слайда: November 2014
№76 слайд![November](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img75.jpg)
Содержание слайда: November 2015
№77 слайд![How to compare solar cells?](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img76.jpg)
Содержание слайда: How to compare solar cells?
Efficiency
Longevity – time to degradation
Peak watt price
№78 слайд![Notion of the peak power](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img77.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Notion of the peak power price (PPP)
Price of a cell, module or a system, per conditions when the solar illumination in normal incidence is equal to standard reference radiation, 1000W/m2, in $/Wpeak.
Note that this is more important than the solely the efficiency.
Correct way of comparing the prices of various solar options – for any technology.
Is there a peak watt notion for wind?
№79 слайд![How to compare PV cells,](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img78.jpg)
Содержание слайда: How to compare PV cells, modules?
Peak power price - $/Wp.
Lifetime – years before substantial degradation, e.g. 15%
Efficiency, %
№80 слайд![PV module cost per peak watt](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img79.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV module cost per peak watt
№81 слайд![PV module cost per peak watt](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img80.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV module cost per peak watt – logarithmic
№82 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img81.jpg)
№83 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img82.jpg)
№84 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img83.jpg)
№85 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img84.jpg)
№86 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img85.jpg)
№87 слайд![world status of PV industry.](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img86.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2004 world status of PV industry.
№88 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img87.jpg)
№89 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img88.jpg)
№90 слайд![Types of Solar Converters](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img89.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Types of Solar Converters
Photoelectrochemical cells – now up to eff of 10% in experiments.
Polymer solar cells = 4-5%
nanocrystal Si (nc-Si) solar cells, quantum dot technology
№91 слайд![PV manufacturing from Ore to](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img90.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV manufacturing from Ore to Cells.
Silicon resource, abundant, but…
… stringent requirements to the ore
Metallurgic silicon
Silane gas
Poly-Silicon
Czochralsky (CZ) method
Other methods
New alternate methods
№92 слайд![Realizations Fixed tilted](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img91.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Realizations
Fixed tilted flat panel
Concentration PV (Tracking systems)
Integrated PV
№93 слайд![PV systems](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img92.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV systems
№94 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img93.jpg)
№95 слайд![PV standalone solar system](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img94.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV standalone solar system
№96 слайд![PV grid connected solar system](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img95.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV grid connected solar system
№97 слайд![PV grid connected solar system](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img96.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV grid connected solar system
№98 слайд![AUA SPVS general information](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img97.jpg)
Содержание слайда: AUA SPVS general information
Each panel has approximately 0.7 square meters surface and 70 watts of peak power
The 72 solar photovoltaic panels are installed on a special earthquake resistant structure
Total battery bank storage is 1150 amper hours at 48 volts. Equiv. of 57.5 kWh
Output is 3-phase 400 volt through
3 x 230 V, 10 kVA
№99 слайд![PV Arrays](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img98.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV Arrays
№100 слайд![PV Arrays](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img99.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV Arrays
№101 слайд![Current Rooftop Setup](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img100.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Current Rooftop Setup
№102 слайд![AUA Solar Rooftop Strategy](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img101.jpg)
Содержание слайда: AUA Solar Rooftop Strategy
№103 слайд![Support Structure](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img102.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Support Structure
№104 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img103.jpg)
№105 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img104.jpg)
№106 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img105.jpg)
№107 слайд![](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img106.jpg)
№108 слайд![AUA SPVS general information](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img107.jpg)
Содержание слайда: AUA SPVS general information
Project Participants:
SEUA Heliotechnics Lab team
Viasphere Technopark Transistor Plus team
AUA team with Dr. Melkumyan’s group
№109 слайд![Components of the PV System](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img108.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Components of the PV System
Photovoltaic (PV) panels
Battery Bank
Charge controllers
Invertors
Load
№110 слайд![PV Cells Manufactured by](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img109.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV Cells
Manufactured by Krasnoye Znamye, Russia
125 x 125 mm rounded square
Capacity of each cell – 2.2 Watt
Price of each cell – $4.62
Price per peak Watt – $2.1
Number of cells – 2800
Efficiency – 15% (actually almost 16%)
№111 слайд![PV Cells](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img110.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV Cells
№112 слайд![PV Panels manufactured in](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img111.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV Panels manufactured in Armenia
PV panels are manufactured by Heliotechnics Laboratory of the SEUA
Used is a Windbaron Laminator
Glass bought in the USA – by a price of small lot
EVA and Tedlar bough by a discount
Frame manufactured in Armenia
№113 слайд![PV Panels manufactured in](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img112.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV Panels manufactured in Armenia
№114 слайд![Battery Bank The voltage used](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img113.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Battery Bank
The voltage used is DC 48 Volts
We use eight Rolls Solar Deep Cycle batteries, connected in series
Each - 6 volt, of 1150 amper-hour capacity
Total battery bank storage is 1150 amper hours at 48 volts. Equiv. of 57.5 kWh storage
№115 слайд![Charge Controllers The PV](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img114.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Charge Controllers
The PV array is devided into 3 sub-arrays:
- Right
- Center
- Left
Charge controllers use three steps of connection: 1, 2, or 3 subarrays
Charge controllers are Xantrax, 40 amps, 120 amps total
№116 слайд![Inverters made in Armenia](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img115.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Inverters – made in Armenia
Designed and Manufactured by Transistor Plus of the Viasphere Technopark who has a long history of power supply/inverter design and manufacture
Output is 3-phase 400 volt through
3 x 230 V, 10 kVA, - 3 sine-wave inverters
№117 слайд![Inverter Performance](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img116.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Inverter Performance
№118 слайд![Load Currently the load is](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img117.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Load
Currently the load is the DESODEC (Solar HVAC) equipment
With two controllable powerful duct fans, drives, pumps, valves, controlls, sensors, etc.
A circuitry automatically switches the load to the electric grid when the battery bank is exhausted
№119 слайд![Performance and benefits of](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img118.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Performance and benefits of the system
Efficiencies of the different components:
- PV panels: > 12%
- cables: 90%
- batteries 60% - 90%
- Inverters 90%
Dependency on weather
Dependency on load
№120 слайд![PV System calculation](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img119.jpg)
Содержание слайда: PV System calculation approach
See the handout “PV System calculation approach”
№121 слайд![Homework List the main](/documents_6/1f022dbf09af6bd5889baaca9456f9c7/img120.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Homework
List the main components of the solar PV system. Which components can be omitted in urban areas?
Imagine your PV system costs $2400 per installed kW. Calculate the cost of 1 kWh in Yerevan if the system lifecycle is 50 years. Remember AUA solar monitoring data.
In which cases a solar PV system is feasible or more economical in contrast to electric power supplied from the grid? Explain.