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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд![](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img0.jpg)
№2 слайд![Supplementing free solar](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img1.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Supplementing free solar energy
Supplementing free solar energy
99% of heat comes from the sun
Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0C (-400 0F)
We supplement the other 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources
№3 слайд![Renewable Renewable Solar](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img2.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Renewable (16%)
Renewable (16%)
Solar
Wind
Falling, flowing water
Biomass
№4 слайд![Energy uses in developed](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Energy uses in developed countries
Energy uses in developed countries
industrial
domestic
transportation
Note: Electricity is not an energy source, converted from another source (coal, hydro, nuclear, etc.).
1st Law of Thermodynamics - You can’t get more energy out of something than you put in
2ond Law – In any conversion of heat energy to useful work, some energy is always degraded to a lower quality energy
№5 слайд![Renewable Renewable Future](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img4.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Renewable
Renewable
Future availability
Net energy yield
It takes energy to get energy
Habitat degradation
Cost (initial and ongoing)
Community disruption
Political or international issues
Suitability in different locations
Polluting (air, water, noise, visual)
№6 слайд![Accumulations of dead marine](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments.
Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments.
Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale) containing dispersed oil.
Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools began to form.
Natural gas often forms on top of oil.
Primary component of natural gas is methane
№7 слайд![Petroleum crude oil Petroleum](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img6.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Petroleum (crude oil)
Petroleum (crude oil)
Costs:
Recovery
Refining
Transporting
Environmental
Highest risks are in transportation
Refining yields many products
Asphalt
Heating oil
Diesel
Petrochemicals
Gasoline
…
№8 слайд![Advantages Advantages](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img7.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Advantages
Advantages
Relatively low cost
High net energy yield
Efficient distribution system
№9 слайд![](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img8.jpg)
№10 слайд![- methane - methane Cleanest](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img9.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 50-90% methane
50-90% methane
Cleanest of fossil fuels
Approximate 200 year supply
Advantages and disadvantages
№11 слайд![Solid fossil fuel formed in](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img10.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages
Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages
Land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago
Subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years
Mostly carbon, small amounts of sulfur
№12 слайд![Stages of coal formation](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img11.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Stages of coal formation
Stages of coal formation
300 million year old forests
peat > lignite > bituminous > anthracite
Primarily strip-mined
Used mostly for generating electricity
Used to generate 62% of the world’s electricity
Used to generate 52% of the U.S. electricity
Enough coal for about 200-1000 years
U.S. has 25% of world’s reserves
High environmental impact
Coal gasification and liquefaction
№13 слайд![](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img12.jpg)
№14 слайд![A nuclear change in which](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img13.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons.
A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons.
Nuclei – center of an atom, making up most of the atom’s mass
Isotopes – two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Neutron – elementary particle in all atoms.
Radioactivity – Unstable nuclei of atoms shoot out “chunks” of mass and energy.
№15 слайд![Fission reactors Fission](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img14.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Fission reactors
Fission reactors
Uranium-235
Fission
Resulting heat used to produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity
Produces radioactive
fission fragments
№16 слайд![](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img15.jpg)
№17 слайд![April , April , One of four](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: April 26, 1986
April 26, 1986
One of four reactors explodes.
31 immediate deaths.
116,000 people evacuated.
24,000 evacuees received high doses of radiation.
Thyroid cancer in children.
Damaged reactor entombed in concrete, other reactors returned to service within months.
Eventually, remaining reactors out of service.
№18 слайд![High- and low-level wastes](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img17.jpg)
Содержание слайда: High- and low-level wastes
High- and low-level wastes
Terrorist threats – storage casks hold 5-10 X more long-lived radioactivity than the nuclear power plant
Disposal proposals
Underground burial
Disposal in space (illegal under international law)
Burial in ice sheets
Dumping into subduction zones
Burial in ocean mud
Conversion into harmless materials (no way to do this with current technology)
№19 слайд![Includes cooling water from](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img18.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Includes cooling water from nuclear reactors, material from decommissioned reactors, protective clothing, and like materials.
Includes cooling water from nuclear reactors, material from decommissioned reactors, protective clothing, and like materials.
Prior to 1970, US alone placed 50,000 barrels of low-level radioactive waste on the ocean floor.
Moratorium in 1970, Ban in 1983.
№20 слайд![of energy is wasted in the](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img19.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 84% of energy is wasted in the United States
84% of energy is wasted in the United States
41% degradation (2nd law of Thermodynamics)
43% unnecessary
Fuel wasting vehicles
Furnaces
Poorly insulated buildings
U.S. unnecessarily wastes 2/3 of the energy that the rest of the world’s population consumes!
№21 слайд![Cogeneration combines heat](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img20.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Cogeneration – combines heat and power
Cogeneration – combines heat and power
Two forms of energy (ex. steam and electricity) are provided from the same fuel source. Used in Western Europe, U.S. produces 9% of electricity using cogeneration plants)
Efficient electric motors
High-efficiency lighting
Increasing fuel economy
Alternative vehicles
Insulation
Plug leaks
№22 слайд![Hybrid cars still use](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img21.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Hybrid cars still use traditional fossil fuels
Hybrid cars still use traditional fossil fuels
Energy otherwise wasted charges battery which assists acceleration and hill climbing
More efficient than internal combustion engine alone, but still uses non-renewable resources
Fuel cell cars not yet available
Hydrogen gas is fuel
Very efficient
Low pollution
Major infrastructure change
needed for fueling stations
№23 слайд![Solar Solar Flowing water](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Solar
Solar
Flowing water
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydrogen
№24 слайд![Large-scale hydropower](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img23.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Large-scale hydropower
Large-scale hydropower
Small-scale hydropower
Tidal power plant
Wave power plant
№25 слайд![Biomass and biofuels Biomass](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img24.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Biomass and biofuels
Biomass and biofuels
Biomass plantations
Crop residues
Animal manure
Biogas
Ethanol
Methanol
№26 слайд![Geothermal heat pumps](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Geothermal heat pumps
Geothermal heat pumps
Geothermal exchange
Dry and wet steam
Hot water
Molten rock (magma)
Hot dry-rock zones
№27 слайд![Environmentally friendly](/documents_6/5e255720995be8b432d0cb25924a11d2/img26.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Environmentally friendly
Environmentally friendly
Extracting hydrogen efficiently
Storing hydrogen
Fuel cells