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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№2 слайд
![. General definitions and](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img1.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 1. General definitions and terms of GE.
1. General definitions and terms of GE.
2. Theories of the world trade (WT).
3. WT regulation. Free trading and protectionism. INCOTERMS 2010.
4. Economic integration.
5. Currency. International monetary system.
6. Transnational companies.
№4 слайд
![The difference between](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img3.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The difference between similar terms:
economic/economical
Economic pertains to the economy.
Economical means not wasteful.
economy/economics
The economy is the relationship between production, trade and the supply of money in a particular country or region (The economy is in recession).
Economics is a science that studies economies and develops possible models for their functioning (He studied economics at the LSE (London School of Economics).
№5 слайд
![The world economy or global](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img4.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The world economy or global economy is the economy of the world, considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account (money).
In some contexts, the two terms are distinguished: the "international" or "global economy" being measured separately and distinguished from national economies while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements.
№6 слайд
![A subject matter of GE is](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img5.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A subject matter of GE is WER.
A subject matter of GE is WER.
WER:
trade of goods and services;
capital flow;
labour migration;
intellectual property trade;
currency relations;
credit relations (World Bank, International Monetary Fund );
co-operation of production (multinational companies/transnational corporations).
№16 слайд
![countries countries items of](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img15.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 2 countries
2 countries
2 items of goods – cloth and food
2 resources – Labour and Land (to produce the items) (you can also take Capital instead, but you should change an item of goods – cars for example)
2 production possibility curves (combination of 2 goods` max production with full usage of production factors in a country)
2 indifference curves (geometrical combination of 2 goods with equal utility)
There are also some assumptions
№17 слайд
![The H-O theory says that](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img16.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The H-O theory says that countries will export products that use their abundant and cheap factor and import products that use countries` scarce factor.
The H-O theory says that countries will export products that use their abundant and cheap factor and import products that use countries` scarce factor.
№23 слайд
![A price for TG is defined by](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img22.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A price for TG is defined by a ratio between demand & supply;
A price for TG is defined by a ratio between demand & supply;
A balance of D&S for NTG is more important for there`s no opportunity to substitute them with foreign goods;
Local (domestic) prices for TG and their change (rise & fall) usually depends on foreign one.
№26 слайд
![is an economic union of](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img25.jpg)
Содержание слайда: is an economic union of states located primarily in northern Eurasia.
is an economic union of states located primarily in northern Eurasia.
The Treaty aiming for the establishment of the EAEU was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, and came into force on 1 January 2015.
Treaties aiming for Armenia's and Kyrgyzstan's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively.
№31 слайд
![The methods of customs](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img30.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The methods of customs valuation, in descending order of precedence, are:
The methods of customs valuation, in descending order of precedence, are:
Transaction Value (TV)* of Imported Merchandise
Transaction Value of Identical Merchandise (goods, commodities) – 90 days
Transaction Value of Similar Merchandise – 90 days
Deductive Value
Computed Value
Derivative Method
* TV is the price actually paid or payable for the goods when sold for export to the country of importation
№33 слайд
![Computed Value Computed Value](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img32.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Computed Value:
Computed Value:
Goods estimated (calculated) value
=
Operating (production) cost (expenditure) – all we need to produce smth – materials, energy, labour, depreciation etc.
+
2. Move & insurance costs
+
3. Packaging costs
+
3. Selling and administration costs
+
4. Agent commission
№34 слайд
![Delivery The point in the](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img33.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Delivery: The point in the transaction where the risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer
Delivery: The point in the transaction where the risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer
Arrival: The point named in the Incoterm to which carriage has been paid
Free: Seller has an obligation to deliver the goods to a named place for transfer to a carrier
Carrier: Any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes
Freight forwarder: A firm that makes or assists in the making of shipping arrangements;
Terminal: Any place, whether covered or not, such as a dock, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal
To clear for export: To file Shipper’s Export Declaration and get export permit
№35 слайд
![EXW Ex Works named place of](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img34.jpg)
Содержание слайда: EXW – Ex Works (named place of delivery) maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligations on the seller
EXW – Ex Works (named place of delivery) maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligations on the seller
DDP – Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination) maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer
№36 слайд
![The Economic Integration](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img35.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The Economic Integration between two countries is a measure of how much two or more countries work together, or give preference to each other.
The Economic Integration between two countries is a measure of how much two or more countries work together, or give preference to each other.
Micro-aproach: MNC (TNC)
Macro-aproach: interstate organizations and integration associations
№38 слайд
![is the unification of](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img37.jpg)
Содержание слайда: is the unification of economic policies between different states;
is the unification of economic policies between different states;
the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions;
lower prices for distributors and consumers with the goal of increasing the level of welfare
Economic integration is an economic arrangement between different regions, marked by the reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. The aim of economic integration is to reduce costs for both consumers and producers, and to increase trade between the countries taking part in the agreement.
The more integrated the economies become, the fewer trade barriers exist, and the more economic and political coordination there is between the member countries.
№39 слайд
![Comparative advantage refers](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img38.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity (alternative) cost over another.
Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity (alternative) cost over another.
Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to expansion. There are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as the scale of output is increased. Economies of scale is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase.
№40 слайд
![Preferential trading area](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img39.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Preferential trading area
Preferential trading area
Free trade area (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Customs union
Common market can be united into one degree
Economic union
Economic and monetary union
Complete economic integration
These differ in the degree of unification of economic policies, with the highest one being the completed economic integration of the states, which would most likely involve political integration as well.
№41 слайд
![A quot free trade area quot](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img40.jpg)
Содержание слайда: A "free trade area" (FTA) is formed when at least two states partially or fully abolish custom tariffs on their inner border. To exclude regional exploitation of zero tariffs within the FTA there is a rule of certificate of origin for the goods originating from the territory of a member state of an FTA.
A "free trade area" (FTA) is formed when at least two states partially or fully abolish custom tariffs on their inner border. To exclude regional exploitation of zero tariffs within the FTA there is a rule of certificate of origin for the goods originating from the territory of a member state of an FTA.
A "customs union" introduces unified tariffs on the exterior borders of the union (CET, common external tariffs).
A "monetary union" introduces a shared currency.
A "common market" add to a FTA the free movement of services, capital and labor.
An "economic union" combines customs union with a common market. A "fiscal union" introduces a shared fiscal and budgetary policy. In order to be successful the more advanced integration steps are typically accompanied by unification of economic policies (tax, social welfare benefits, etc.), reductions in the rest of the trade barriers, introduction of supranational bodies, and gradual moves towards the final stage, a "political union".
№42 слайд
![Trade benefits Trade benefits](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img41.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Trade benefits:
Trade benefits:
a reduction in the trade cost;
an improved availability and wider selection of goods and services;
a greater purchasing power
Employment, technology and capital:
a market expansion;
sharing of technology;
cross-border flows of investment
Political cooperation:
stronger economic ties;
a peaceful conflicts` resolve.
№43 слайд
![The methodology for measuring](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img42.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The methodology for measuring economic integration typically involves the combination of multiple economic indicators, including:
The methodology for measuring economic integration typically involves the combination of multiple economic indicators, including:
1. trade in goods and services,
2. cross-border capital flows,
3. labor migration and others.
It also includes measures of institutional conformity, such as membership in trade unions and the strength of institutions that protect consumer and investor rights. A standardized ranking of European Union countries shows that Finland, Austria, Spain and France are the most integrated into the EU.
№45 слайд
![Currency refers to a](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img44.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Currency refers to a particular authorized monetary system, monetized in specific units (euros, dollars, pesos, etc.) which may be given international value by their exchange values in foreign exchange.
Currency refers to a particular authorized monetary system, monetized in specific units (euros, dollars, pesos, etc.) which may be given international value by their exchange values in foreign exchange.
№46 слайд
![Each currency typically has a](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img45.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Each currency typically has a main currency unit (the dollar, for example, or the euro) and a fractional unit, often defined as 1⁄100 of the main unit: 100 cents = 1 dollar, 100 centimes = 1 franc, 100 pence = 1 pound, although units of 1⁄10 or 1⁄1000 occasionally also occur. Some currencies do not have any smaller units at all, such as the Icelandic króna.
Each currency typically has a main currency unit (the dollar, for example, or the euro) and a fractional unit, often defined as 1⁄100 of the main unit: 100 cents = 1 dollar, 100 centimes = 1 franc, 100 pence = 1 pound, although units of 1⁄10 or 1⁄1000 occasionally also occur. Some currencies do not have any smaller units at all, such as the Icelandic króna.
№47 слайд
![Fully convertible When there](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img46.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Fully convertible When there are no restrictions or limitations on the amount of currency that can be traded on the international market, and the government does not artificially impose a fixed value or minimum value on the currency in international trade. The US dollar is an example of a fully convertible currency and, for this reason, US dollars are one of the major currencies traded in the foreign exchange market.
Fully convertible When there are no restrictions or limitations on the amount of currency that can be traded on the international market, and the government does not artificially impose a fixed value or minimum value on the currency in international trade. The US dollar is an example of a fully convertible currency and, for this reason, US dollars are one of the major currencies traded in the foreign exchange market.
№48 слайд
![Partially convertible Central](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img47.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Partially convertible Central banks control international investments flowing in and out of the country, while most domestic trade transactions are handled without any special requirements, there are significant restrictions on international investing and special approval is often required in order to convert into other currencies. The Indian rupee and Renminbi are examples of a partially convertible currency.
Partially convertible Central banks control international investments flowing in and out of the country, while most domestic trade transactions are handled without any special requirements, there are significant restrictions on international investing and special approval is often required in order to convert into other currencies. The Indian rupee and Renminbi are examples of a partially convertible currency.
Nonconvertible Neither participate in the international FOREX market nor allow conversion of these currencies by individuals or companies. As a result, these currencies are known as blocked currencies. e.g.: North Korean won and the Cuban peso.
№51 слайд
![The C-R is an exchange rate](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img50.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The C-R is an exchange rate between two currencies, in which the home country's currency is not included. In the U.S.A., the euro/yen rate would be considered a cross rate, while in Europe or Japan it would be considered a primary pair.
For the Russian Federation:
1 EUR = 68.98 RUB
1 USD = 59.28 RUB
So the C-R for EUR/USD is 1,1636.
№52 слайд
![is the way an authority](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img51.jpg)
Содержание слайда: is the way an authority manages its currency in relation to other currencies and the foreign exchange market. It is closely related to monetary policy and the two are generally dependent on many of the same factors.
is the way an authority manages its currency in relation to other currencies and the foreign exchange market. It is closely related to monetary policy and the two are generally dependent on many of the same factors.
There are 3 basic types of ERR:
a floating exchange rate, where the economy dictates movements in the exchange rate;
a pegged float, where a central bank keeps the rate from deviating too far from a target band or value;
a fixed exchange rate, which ties the currency to another currency, mostly reserve currencies such as the U.S. dollar or the euro or a basket of currencies.
№53 слайд
![Floating rates are the most](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img52.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Floating rates are the most common exchange rate regime today. For example, the dollar, euro, yen, and British pound all are floating currencies.
Floating rates are the most common exchange rate regime today. For example, the dollar, euro, yen, and British pound all are floating currencies.
However, since central banks frequently intervene to avoid excessive appreciation or depreciation, these regimes are often called managed float or a dirty float.
Managed float regime is the current international financial environment in which exchange rates fluctuate from day to day, but central banks attempt to influence their countries' exchange rates by buying and selling currencies. It is also known as a dirty float.
№54 слайд
![Pegged floating currencies](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img53.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Pegged floating currencies are pegged to some band or value, either fixed or periodically adjusted. During the 1950s and most of the 1960s, for example, the United States pegged the dollar to gold ($35.00 was equal to one ounce of gold), and most other countries had pegged their currencies to the dollar (the German Mark was fixed at four marks equal to one dollar for much of this time).
Pegged floating currencies are pegged to some band or value, either fixed or periodically adjusted. During the 1950s and most of the 1960s, for example, the United States pegged the dollar to gold ($35.00 was equal to one ounce of gold), and most other countries had pegged their currencies to the dollar (the German Mark was fixed at four marks equal to one dollar for much of this time).
The band of fluctuation is the range within which the market value of a national currency is permitted to fluctuate by international agreements, or by unilateral decision by the central bank.
№58 слайд
![International monetary](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img57.jpg)
Содержание слайда: International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules and supporting institutions, that facilitate international trade, cross border investment* and generally the reallocation of capital between nations.
International monetary systems are sets of internationally agreed rules and supporting institutions, that facilitate international trade, cross border investment* and generally the reallocation of capital between nations.
* is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country.
№62 слайд
![As for the ruble, in spite of](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img61.jpg)
Содержание слайда: As for the ruble, in spite of high oil prices it`s under pressure:
As for the ruble, in spite of high oil prices it`s under pressure:
Low demand for federal (loan) bonds
High demand for the foreign currency both by Russian corporations and the RF` Ministry of Finance.
All the rent income is spent on buying currency in order to increase the foreign exchange reserves.
3. Geopolitics
№65 слайд
![Their , foreign affiliates](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img64.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Their 270,000 foreign affiliates account for most of the world's industrial capacity, technological knowledge, international financial transactions, and ultimately the power of control.
Their 270,000 foreign affiliates account for most of the world's industrial capacity, technological knowledge, international financial transactions, and ultimately the power of control.
1. In terms of energy, they mine, refine and distribute most of the world’s oil, gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, as well as build most of the world’s oil, coal, gas, hydroelectric and nuclear power plants.
2. They extract most of the world’s minerals from the ground.
3. They manufacture and sell most of the world’s automobiles, airplanes, communications satellites, computers, home electronics, chemicals, medicines and biotechnology products.
4. They harvest much of the world’s wood and make most of its paper.
5. They grow many of the world’s major agricultural crops, while processing and distributing much of its food.
№66 слайд
![The globalization of economic](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img65.jpg)
Содержание слайда: The globalization of economic activity in general, and the growing role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in particular, have increasingly directed attention toward the environmental consequences of these developments. That is to say given their dominance of politics, economics and technology, it is not surprising to find the big transnationals deeply involved in most of the world’s serious environmental crises
Emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) play an increasingly important role as investors in developing economies. When certain conditions are met, their foreign investment can contribute to host-country progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
№67 слайд
![Goal No Poverty Goal No](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img66.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Goal 1: No Poverty
Goal 1: No Poverty
Goal 2: Zero Hunger
Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being
Goal 4: Quality Education
Goal 5: Gender Equality
Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Goal 13: Climate change
Goal 14: Life Below Water
Goal 15: Life on Land
Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals
№68 слайд
![Importing and exporting goods](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img67.jpg)
Содержание слайда: Importing and exporting goods and services
Importing and exporting goods and services
Making significant investments in a foreign country
Buying and selling licenses in foreign markets
Engaging in contract manufacturing—permitting a local manufacturer in a foreign country to produce their products
Opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign countries
№69 слайд
![. The Market Dominance of](/documents_6/154a6eb10bedb15ec69309abc52c9df3/img68.jpg)
Содержание слайда: 1. The Market Dominance of Multinational Corporations - The market dominance of multinational corporations makes it hard for the local small firms to succeed and thrive. For instance, there are arguments stating that the larger supermarkets squeeze out a notable margin of the local corner stores that lead to lesser diversity.
1. The Market Dominance of Multinational Corporations - The market dominance of multinational corporations makes it hard for the local small firms to succeed and thrive. For instance, there are arguments stating that the larger supermarkets squeeze out a notable margin of the local corner stores that lead to lesser diversity.
2. Consumer’s Expenses - Companies are usually interested at the consumer’s expense. The multinational companies commonly have the power of monopoly that gives them the chance of making excess profit.
3. Pushing Local Firms Out Of Business - In the developing economies, these giant multinationals use the economies of scale for pushing the local firms out of their businesses.
4. Criticized For Using "Slave Labor" - Multinational corporations are being criticized for using the so-called slave labor wherein the workers are paid with very small wages.
5. Environment Threat - For the sake of profit, these global companies commonly contribute to pollution as well as make use of the non-renewable resources that can be a threat to the environment.
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