Презентация The variable of political culture & socialization онлайн
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Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: The variable of political culture
&
Socialization
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: We will especially be interested in…
How do we explain democratic stability? Why is democracy the “only game in town” in some countries but not others?
Different answers:
Level of economic development
Culture
Institutions
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Culture and Politics
A thought experiment: if we took a political institution(s) (e.g. democracy) indigenous to one country and transplanted it to another country with a completely different culture, would that institution /institutions perform the same way?
Does culture matter?
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: Culture and Politics
Classical political theorists starting with Plato and Aristotle and continuing through Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Tocqueville all recognized the importance of custom, tradition, mores, and religious practices for explaining political differences. However, the formalizing of the concept of political culture had to await the developments after World War II…
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Culture and Politics
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
3 major causes of democracy in America:
(1) geographical situation
(2) laws and institutions
(3) values, culture and what he called mores - “the whole moral and intellectual state of a people”
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture is?
Political culture
= the set of attitudes, beliefs, and norms held by a population toward politics…
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture is?
Attitudes
= dispositions towards politics (political leaders, events, institutions, governments, policies, etc.).
examples: support for the government, tolerance for opposing view points, trust in political institutions, feelings of political efficacy and so on.
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture is?
Norms:
= values / ideas about the world / judgments about what is good and bad…
Example: “Democracy is good”; “justice is the most important thing”, etc.
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture is?
a nation’s political culture includes its citizens orientation toward 3 levels:
the political system
its individual institutions and the political and policy-making process
policy outputs and outcomes
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture
Other issues:
government overall involvement in society and economy
‘big government’ or ‘small government’?
nationalization or privatization?
from basic needs to quality of life (environment, arts, etc.)
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture
Political culture (PC)
PC affects / has influence on: how the political system and institutions evolve, how political decisions are made, etc.
How much does PC have impact on institutional structures in political system &decision-making processes?
PC = a longer-term factor
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture
“shared” political culture in one country does not mean that people have identical positions/ opinions on all issues…; we can, for instance, distinguish between
“mass” vs. “elite” political cultures
they might be different within one country and could be seen as different “sub-cultures”
there might also be regional subcultures and subcultures associated with larger groups /classes
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture
Observe also concepts / values such as:
national identity
national pride / patriotism
nationalism
National vs. regional / local identities
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture
Political culture / political subcultures
Consensual
Conflictual
sometimes can coincide with religious, ethnic differences
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture
You may often hear that democracy cannot succeed in some countries because of their “undemocratic political culture”…
civic culture = PC that supports liberalism and democracy (G. Almond & S. Verba)
perhaps a balanced mix of participant and subject political cultures
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
Two components:
A participant attitude toward politics. Individuals value participation and become involved in their communities (not just their own narrow self interest)
Trust in other people and a willingness to cooperate
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
In subject or parochial political culture (also “familism)”:
all loyalty and trust is centered in the family.
people are not public-spirited: they don’t participate in community life, are not informed about politics, etc.
no trust of “outsiders,” no willingness to cooperate.
maximize material, short-run advantage of family
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
Hypothesis:
Civic Culture => Stable Democracy
= in stable political systems political structures and political culture are mutually reinforcing
Other PC / Familism => Unstable Democracy
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
Seminar Test:
Measure civic culture in 5 countries that vary in their level of democratic stability:
High stability: US, GB
Middle stability: Italy
Low stability: Mexico, Pakistan
Prediction: Civic culture is high in US and GB, low in Mexico and Pakistan, moderate in Italy.
Results: Hypothesis confirmed.
Conclusion: Cultural attitudes => Stability of democracy.
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture: Almond &Verba
BUT: Couldn’t the relationship run the other way? Perhaps high levels of civic culture are an effect of stable institutions, not their cause!
AND: Perhaps both cultural values and democratic stability are caused by something else, namely, economic development?
(In general: correlation is not the same as causation!!!)
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
Why does democracy work well in some places but not others?
The Italian experiment: 15 identical regional governments situated in different economic and cultural contexts. Would they perform differently? If so, why?
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture revisited
Citizens have become more distrustful of electoral politics, institutions, and representatives and are more ready to confront elites with demands from below.
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда:
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
In fact: performance has been quite varied. Government in the north = good; government in the south = not so good.
The institutions are the same but their performance varies. WHY?
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
Explanations for the difference between the North and the South?
Explanation One: Economic development. The North is rich, the South is poor.
Explanation Two: Culture. Civic culture is high in the North, low in the South.
So which is it? And what causes what?
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: The Civic Culture revisited: Putnam
Putnam: Culture.
Why? Because the cultural differences observed in Northern Italy emerged first, before the economic differences, and long before the political ones.
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: The historical argument . . .
Medieval Italy: a time of great violence and anarchy. Insecurity was a constant fact of life.
In the South: the solution was to strengthen the power of the king, who could then secure the area.
In the North: the solution was self-governance and mutual aid and defense.
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда: The historical argument . . .
These different solutions had a long-lasting impact on the cultural traditions of the areas. A rich associational life flourished in the North, did not quite developed in the South.
Furthermore, these cultural traditions emerged well before economic differences became entrenched.
Thus, according to this argument, culture preceded politics and economics.
№30 слайд
Содержание слайда: … and the mechanism?
Rich associational life (“social capital”) => Solves collective action problems.
rich associational life means people interact repeatedly with one another, which helps them identify with common goals, punish free-riders, etc.
rich associational life also promotes “norms of reciprocity”
№31 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political culture and political socialization
How people acquire their political culture?
№32 слайд
Содержание слайда: Socialization and Political Socialization
PC is gained in the process of political
socialization
№33 слайд
Содержание слайда: (Political) socialization
Political socialization =
the process by which political culture is transferred from generation to generation
i.e. it happens through your exposure to family, school, the media, etc.
during this process you become a “political animal”!
№34 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political socialization
The way in which political values are formed and the political culture is transmitted from one generation to another
Direct (public courses at school)
Indirect (examples)
№35 слайд
Содержание слайда: Political Socialization
Agents of political socialization:
The Family
Schools
Religious institutions
Peer groups
Social class and gender
Mass media
Interest groups
Governmental structures (police, bureaucrats,…)
№36 слайд
Содержание слайда: Trends in contemporary political cultures
Some general and global processes / trends are affecting political culture in many countries…:
modernization
democratization?
globalization / marketization?
resurgence of ethnicity / religion?
postmaterial values
№37 слайд
Содержание слайда: Liberalism’s Key Norms
The protection of individual rights from powerful groups and governments.
Competition and disagreement versus harmony and cooperation.
Tolerance of dissent rather than unanimity.
Egalitarianism over hierarchy.
Society should have a separate, protected realm from the state.
№38 слайд
Содержание слайда: Notes on Liberalism and democracy
Historically, liberalism was a precedent to democracy in Western Europe and the US.
This has lead some to see liberalism as a necessary condition for democracy.
№39 слайд
Содержание слайда: Liberalism and democracy
Why?
Norms like egalitarianism and tolerance of dissent may improve the quality of competition.
Emphasis on individual rights may make majority rule less frightening for minorities.
№40 слайд
Содержание слайда: Huntington’s cultural argument
Samuel Huntington: liberal norms are associated with some religions (Protestantism) but not others (Catholicism, Confucianism, Islam).
Can we found democracy where these “non-liberal” religions prevail?
№41 слайд
Содержание слайда: Huntington’s cultural argument
Catholicism: hierarchical, emphasizes a single, collective good. Values harmony and consensus.
Confucianism: authority, hierarchy, responsibility, harmony. Sees conflict as dangerous. Merges state and society.
Islam: rejects separation of religion and state.
№42 слайд
Содержание слайда: Huntington’s cultural argument: problems
Religions and cultures are dynamic, not static.
All religions have aspects that conform with liberal norms and others that contradict them.
Consensus building may be as important to democracy as competition.
№43 слайд
Содержание слайда: Liberalism and Democracy
But what comes first in practice, the chicken or the egg? Democracy or liberalism, liberalism or democracy? Can living in a healthy democracy teach people to be liberal?
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