Презентация Inflation. The rate of inflation measures the annual percentage increase in prices онлайн
На нашем сайте вы можете скачать и просмотреть онлайн доклад-презентацию на тему Inflation. The rate of inflation measures the annual percentage increase in prices абсолютно бесплатно. Урок-презентация на эту тему содержит всего 44 слайда. Все материалы созданы в программе PowerPoint и имеют формат ppt или же pptx. Материалы и темы для презентаций взяты из открытых источников и загружены их авторами, за качество и достоверность информации в них администрация сайта не отвечает, все права принадлежат их создателям. Если вы нашли то, что искали, отблагодарите авторов - поделитесь ссылкой в социальных сетях, а наш сайт добавьте в закладки.
Оцените презентацию от 1 до 5 баллов!
- Тип файла:ppt / pptx (powerpoint)
- Всего слайдов:44 слайда
- Для класса:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
- Размер файла:1.69 MB
- Просмотров:59
- Скачиваний:1
- Автор:неизвестен
Слайды и текст к этой презентации:
№1 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
The rate of inflation measures the annual percentage increase in prices.
Most commonly used measure:
consumer price inflation
the rate of inflation is the percentage increase in that index over the previous 12 months.
If there is negative inflation (falling prices) – deflation (Japan)
indices are published for other goods and services
commodity prices, food prices, house prices, import prices, prices after taking taxes into account, wages and so on.
№2 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Inflation in historical perspective
low inflation in 1950s and 60s
high inflation in 1970s and 80s
low inflation since mid 1990s
most developed countries gear monetary policy to achieving a low target rate of inflation
is this still the case since the financial crisis?
№3 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation rates in selected industrialised economies
№4 слайд
Содержание слайда: The distinction between real and nominal values.
Nominal figures are those using current prices, interest rates, etc. Real figures are figures corrected for inflation.
When there is inflation, we have to be careful in assessing how much national output, consumption, wages, etc. are increasing.
GDP in money terms may have risen by 5 per cent, but if inflation is 3 per cent, real growth in GDP will be only 2 per cent.
A rise or fall in inflation is different from a rise or fall in prices.
№5 слайд
Содержание слайда: Q In a period of rapid inflation which of the following would be the least desirable store of wealth?
Vintage wine.
Property
Money
Land
Stocks and shares]
№6 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Aggregate demand & supply and prices
The level of prices in the economy is determined by the interaction of aggregate demand and aggregate supply.
Aggregate demand curve shows how much national output (real GDP) will be demanded at each level of prices.
№7 слайд
Содержание слайда: Aggregate demand
№8 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Aggregate demand & supply and prices
aggregate demand curve
aggregate supply curve
The aggregate supply curve slopes upwards – at least in the short run. In other words, the higher the level of prices, the more will be produced.
№9 слайд
Содержание слайда: Aggregate demand and aggregate supply
№10 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Aggregate demand & supply and prices
aggregate demand curve
aggregate supply curve
why AS curves generally slope upwards
equilibrium
shifts in AD and AS curves
AD: if there is a change in any of its components
AS: if there is a rise in labour productivity or capacity of the economy
№11 слайд
Содержание слайда: Q As the price level in the economy rises, which of the following occurs?
(i) The quantity of ‘real money’ decreases;
(ii) Real aggregate demand decreases;
(iii)Total spending in money terms decreases.
(i) only
(ii) only
(i) and (ii)
(i) and (iii)
(i), (ii) and (iii)
№12 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Causes of inflation
demand pull
When the AD curve shifts to the right, output will rise and unemployment may fall as a result.
However, at the same time, prices will rise.
Firms will respond to the rise in AD partly by raising prices (caused by costs rise as a result of increasing output), and partly by increasing output (there is a move upwards along the AS curve).
Demand pull inflation is caused by continuing rises in aggregate demand.
№13 слайд
Содержание слайда: Demand-pull inflation
№14 слайд
Содержание слайда: Demand-pull inflation
№15 слайд
Содержание слайда: Demand-pull inflation
№16 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Causes of inflation
cost push inflation
is associated with continuing rises in costs and hence continuing leftward (upward) shifts in the AS curve.
Such shifts occur when costs of production rise independently of aggregate demand.
If firms face a rise in costs, they will respond partly by raising prices and passing the costs on to the consumer, and partly by cutting back on production.
№17 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Rise in costs may come from:
wage push
increase in wages due to trade unions activity independently of demand for labour
profit push
firms use their monopoly power to make bigger profits by pushing up prices independently of consumer demand
import-price push
prices rising independently of the level of AD (e.g. OPEC putting up oil prices)
№18 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
In all these cases, inflation occurs because one or more groups are exercising economic power.
The problem is likely to get worse, therefore, if there is an increasing concentration of economic power over time (e.g. if firms or unions get bigger and bigger, and more monopolistic) or if groups become more militant.
№19 слайд
Содержание слайда: Q Which one of the following would be the cause of cost-push inflation?
A cut in the rate of income tax.
A cut in the rate of VAT
A cut in interest rates
A rise in the exchange rate
A rise in the price of oil
№20 слайд
Содержание слайда: Cost-push inflation
№21 слайд
Содержание слайда: Cost-push inflation
№22 слайд
Содержание слайда: Cost-push inflation
№23 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
With the growth in demand for raw materials and food (China, India, Brazil) rising costs became more of a problem
Thus, what starts with a rise in aggregate demand in these countries (demand-pull inflation), becomes cost-push inflation for other countries due to globalisation, having to pay higher prices for the commodities they import.
№24 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
Demand-pull and cost-push inflation can occur together
since wage and price rises can be caused both by increases in aggregate demand
as well as by independent causes pushing up costs.
Even when an inflationary process starts as either demand-pull or cost-push, it is often difficult to separate the two.
№25 слайд
Содержание слайда: The interaction of demand-pull and cost-push inflation
№26 слайд
Содержание слайда: The interaction of demand-pull and cost-push inflation
№27 слайд
Содержание слайда: The interaction of demand-pull and cost-push inflation
№28 слайд
Содержание слайда: Inflation
№29 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lecture 4.1
Fiscal and Monetary Policy
№30 слайд
Содержание слайда: Aims of this session:
Add Government spending and foreign trade as additional components of aggregate demand
Explain what we mean by fiscal and monetary policy
Show how fiscal and monetary policy may affect aggregate demand
№31 слайд
Содержание слайда: Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy is the government’s decisions about spending and taxes.
Automatic stabilisers reduce fluctuations in aggregate demand
№32 слайд
Содержание слайда: UK government spending and taxes
(% of GDP)
№33 слайд
Содержание слайда: Government and aggregate demand 1
Government purchases (G) of final output add directly to aggregate demand:
AD= C + I + G
The level of government demand reflects how many hospitals the government wants to build, how large it wants defence spending to be, and so on.
№34 слайд
Содержание слайда: Government and aggregate demand 2
Government levies taxes and pays out transfer benefits
Tax revenue and benefit spending both vary with output.
How do taxes affect disposable income?
Assume net taxes NT = tY
where t is the net tax rate
Households’ disposable income YD is now:
YD = Y(1-t)
№35 слайд
Содержание слайда: The open economy: foreign trade and output determination
Introducing exports (X) & imports (Z)
Trade balance
the value of net exports (X - Z)
Trade deficit
when imports exceed exports
Trade surplus
when exports exceed imports
Aggregate demand
AD = C + I + G + X – Z
In equilibrium AD is equal to output and income
№36 слайд
Содержание слайда: UK Foreign trade (% of GDP)
№37 слайд
Содержание слайда: Monetary Policy I
Interest rates are the instrument of monetary policy
The monetary instrument is the variable over which a central bank exercises day-to-day control
№38 слайд
Содержание слайда: Monetary Policy II
Monetary policy is the decision by the Central Bank about what the interest rate to set.
In the UK, the central bank is the Bank of England, which acts on behalf of the government. It has operational independence from the government to set interest rates.
But the Chancellor has decided the Bank’s ultimate objective is to set interest rates to try to keep inflation close to 2 per cent a year
№39 слайд
Содержание слайда: Nominal vs Real Interest Rates
The real interest rate is the difference between the nominal interest rate and inflation
№40 слайд
Содержание слайда: Nominal and real UK interest rates (%)
№41 слайд
Содержание слайда: How interest rates affect
the economy
Interest rates influence:
personal consumption by changing the cost of borrowing for consumption
investment demand by raising the opportunity cost of capital
№42 слайд
Содержание слайда: Interest rates and investment demand
For a given rate of output growth the investment demand schedule II shows how a lower interest rate raises investment demand
If the interest rate rises from r0 to r1 desired investment falls from I0 to I1
№43 слайд
Содержание слайда: Lower interest rates increase aggregate demand 1
№44 слайд
Содержание слайда: Demand management and the policy mix
Demand management is the use of monetary and fiscal policy to stabilize output near the level of potential output.
The government can use fiscal and monetary policy to control demand
loose fiscal policy can be used with tight monetary policy or vice versa
the former suggests a large public sector; the latter a smaller public sector
the mix of policies affects the composition of output
Скачать все slide презентации Inflation. The rate of inflation measures the annual percentage increase in prices одним архивом:
